Transition from Middle Ages to Early Modern Period
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1. What changes marked the transition from the Middle Ages to the early modern period?
The demographic recovery made that demand increase, there was more land cultivation and greater crop yield. Also, the improvements in shipping growth to trade the Mediterranean Sea, and the production also rose.
2. Improvements in shipping gave rise to trade in the Mediterranean Sea, the Baltic Sea, and the North Sea. Look at the map of the spice trade, one of the most important trade routes during the 15th century, and try to describe its information. You should use your book to look for more details.
They used this route to interchange eastern spices, such as cinnamon, nutmeg, and pepper, which were used to preserve food and considered prized ingredients in cooking and cosmetics, arrived in Europe via the Mediterranean Sea.
3. Choose the correct answer.
When did the early modern period begin?
In the 15th century
What were the causes of the demographic recovery in the early modern period?
The major epidemics disappeared, and the birth rate increased.
Who were the bourgeoisie?
People that made their money from capital, investing in trade, manufacturing, and banking.
4. Fill the gaps using these words.
As the major epidemics disappeared and the birth rate increased, the population rate.
Agricultural surplus was generated and sold.
Improvements in shipping gave rise to trade in the Mediterranean Sea.
This led to an increase in the production of hand-made goods.
HUMANISM
1. What is the difference between theocentrism and anthropocentrism?
Theocentrism: God was the center of the world, also the church provided the answers to all of human’s questions. God decides what happens around the world.
Anthropocentrism: Human’s questions were the center. Humans decide what happens around the world.
2. Match.
Erasmus of Rotterdam - was the most influential and universal humanist.
Copernicus - suggested that Earth revolves around the sun.
Machiavelli - wrote about princedom.
Sir Thomas More - imagined an ideal society without social inequalities.
Petrarch - was regarded as the first great humanist.
3. Name some protagonists of the humanist movement and describe what they did.
Petrarch - was regarded as the first great humanist.
Sir Thomas More - Imagined an ideal society without social inequalities.
Machiavelli - Wrote about princedom, all actions were justified by reasons of state.
5. Read this text and comment its major idea.
The major deal was that biblia in Latin have to be translated to all languages.
6. Choose the correct answer.
What is the meaning of theocentrism?
Is a theory in which God is regarded as the center of the world.
Who is the author of “the Prince”?
Machiavelli
Who of these people did not belong to the humanistic movement?
Ferdinand VII
WOMEN AND HUMANISM
1. Read this text and comment its major idea. Do you agree with the author? Give reasons for your answer.
Yes, I agree because I think that all people, men and women, have to have the same opportunities for studying.
2. Christine de Pizan.
Christine de Pizan was a poet, philosopher, first writer in France. Born 1364 in Italy, Venice. Books, L’Epistre au dieu d'Amour, le debat deux amants… She starts the feminist with the book, the city of ladies.
THE PROTESTANT REFORMATION
1. In your own words, describe why there was increasing opposition to the Catholic Church.
The Catholic Church opposition increased because of the luxurious lifestyles, the lack of culture and weakening of moral standards, buying and selling of ecclesiastical positions, and selling of papal bulls and indulgences.
2. What were the three main principles of Lutheranism?
Salvation through faith, authority of the Bible, should be read and interpreted by believers, no invention of church, universal priesthood.
3. Match
The Anglican Church - spread to France, and England…
The Lutheran Church - was supported by German princes and nobles.
The Calvinist Church - began in England when the Pope would not allow…
4. Describe the engraving and explain what criticism of the church it depicts.
The people selling bulls and indulgences for sinners, and the sinners are buying the ecclesiastical positions.
5. Fill the gaps with these words.
The luxurious lifestyle of the higher clergy.
The lack of culture and weakening of moral standards of clergy, who set a bad example.
The buying and selling of ecclesiastical position for personal economic benefit.
THE CATHOLIC COUNTER-REFORMATION
1. Which new religious order emerged and played a key role in the Counter-Reformation?
The new religious order that was created was the Society of Jesus.
2. What measures did the Catholic Church take to ensure that Protestantism did not spread to other Catholic countries?
This was an ecclesiastical court that prosecuted and punished those who deviated from the dogma of the church. This was a list of books that were opposed to the Catholic faith and therefore banned.
4. Choose the correct answer.
What was the Council of Trent?
A council created by the Catholic authorities to stop the spread of Protestantism.
What was the Inquisition Tribunal?
This was an ecclesiastical court that prosecuted and punished those who deviated from the dogmas of the church.
What was the Index Librorum Prohibitorum?
This was a list of books that were opposed to the Catholic faith and therefore banned.