Toxins, Disease Transmission, and Biotechnology Applications
Classified in Biology
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Toxins
- Toxins:
Exotoxin (They are released to the outside) | Endotoxin (Molecules of the bacterial wall) | |
MOLECULAR TYPE | Protein | Glycolipids |
TOXICITY | Added | Baja |
DESTRUCTION WITH HEAT | Yes | Not |
PLACE OF PERFORMANCE | Specific tissues | Whole body |
ANTIBODY | Induce the production of AC | Not induce the production of AC |
- Main Routes of Transmission of Infectious Diseases and Examples
In any infectious disease, a pathogen must pass from a healthy host to another to become a new host. Transmission can occur through:
- Transmission by direct contact: injuries, sexually, via parental (mother to fetus). Examples:
WOUNDS | ||
DISEASE | MO | EFFECTS |
Tetanus | Clostridium tetani | Alters the nervous system. Involuntary contraction of muscles |
SEXUAL TRANSMISSION LINE | ||
DISEASE | MO | EFFECTS |
AIDS | HIV | T lymphocytes attacking, destroying them. |
- Indirect contact transmission: air (aerosols, or dust particles), water and contaminated items, objects (surgical material, etc), animals (called vectors, reservoirs of infection).
AIR BORNE | ||
DISEASE | MO | EFFECTS |
Flu | Orthomyxovirus | Infection of the upper respiratory tract and sometimes the lungs. High fever, headache, chills and fatigue. Be prevented by annual vaccination. |
WATER BORNE | ||
DISEASE | MO | EFFECTS |
Hepatitis A | Virus hepatitis A | Liver infection. Symptoms: Fever, loss of appetite, fatigue and jaundice. |
FOOD-BORNE | ||
DISEASE | MO | EFFECTS |
Salmonella (infection) | Salmonella | Symptoms: sudden pain, headache, chills, vomiting, diarrhea and fever. It avoids cooking food and keeping it refrigerated immediately to consumption. |
Transmit FOR ANIMALS | |||
ENFERMDAD | MO | VECTOR | EFFECTS |
Plague | Yersinia pestis | Rat flea | Infection of the lymph nodes with their bulging, dark patches on the skin caused by bleeding, delirium, shock and death within days. Treatment with streptomycin and prevention vaccine. |
Classification of diseases based on the area of distribution:
- Epidemic: Affects a large number of people in a short time. Example: flu.
- Endemic: Affects people of a particular region, at a given time. Example: Malaria.
- Pandemic: Epidemic affecting a large number of individuals in a short time and in a very large region. Example: Atypical SARS.
- Zoonoses: Animal diseases which sometimes can affect humans.
BIOTECHNOLOGY
BIOTECHNOLOGY | |||
MO | GENDER | INDUSTRY | APPLICATION |
YEAST | Saccharomyces, Candida and Kluyveromyces | ALIMENTARIA | ALCOHOLIC FERMENTATION |
BACTERIA | Lactobacillus, Streptococcus, Lactococcus and Acetobacter | FOOD | Lactic acid fermentation |
PSEUDOMONAS | PHARMACEUTICAL | FORMATION OF VITAMIN B12 | |
AGRICULTURE | PROCUREMENT OF GMO as corn, rice, or potatoes. | ||
LIVESTOCK | Transgenic animals (growth hormone) | ||
Bacteria, molds and some green algae | BIODEGRADATION | TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE GENERATED BY MINING HOLDINGS, BIODEGRADATION OF PETROLEUM. |