Thomas Hobbes' Leviathan: Impact of the English Civil War

Thomas Hobbes (1588-1679) and Leviathan (1651)

Context

To understand the reasons behind Hobbes' actions and way of thinking, it is essential to first know the context in which he grew up. This context reveals the great instability that existed in England at the time, particularly the English Civil War (1642-1649).

Charles I and the Road to War

Charles I (1625-1649) became increasingly estranged from his people. He waged war against both France and Spain, faced conflicts with Parliament, and created significant religious divisions within the country.

Oliver Cromwell and the New Model Army

Oliver Cromwell emerged as a powerful figure, ruling as a dictator. He reformed the army based on merit, with the clear objective of creating an efficient fighting force. This resulted in one of the most disciplined, modern, and powerful armies of the era. Cromwell ruled England with an iron fist as Lord Protector (1653-1659), effectively managing both the English Army (known as the New Model Army) and the government.

Cromwell's Authoritarian Rule

Cromwell imposed Calvinist morals and ethics, establishing an authoritarian state. He can be considered a tyrant in the modern sense, as he regulated how people should think and live. His legitimacy was based on brute force, ensuring the loyalty of the populace. The army became extremely efficient under his command, and he maintained control over Parliament through military might.

The Multifaceted Conflicts of the Civil War

The Civil Wars in Scotland, England, and Ireland were complex, encompassing economic, religious, social, and political conflicts:

• Economically, the rise of mercantilism, an early form of capitalism, challenged the established economic order. The bourgeoisie, who supported mercantilism, challenged the aristocracy's position. The expansion of capitalism led to significant migration from the countryside to the cities.
• This economic shift created a social conflict between the rising bourgeoisie and the established aristocracy.
• Politically, the conflict pitted the Royalists against Parliament.
• Religiously, the Protestant Reformation had created deep divisions. Three major groups emerged: Calvinists (or Puritans), Anglicans, and Catholics. These religious divisions were closely linked to the political situation:
  • Calvinists primarily aligned with Parliament, representing the interests of the bourgeoisie, and were characterized by their radical views.
  • Anglicans were found on both sides of the conflict, generally holding more conservative views.
  • Catholics largely supported the Royalist cause.

The New Model Army's Innovations

The New Model Army represented a significant departure from traditional warfare. For example, soldiers wore standardized uniforms, unlike the Spanish army. This innovation improved organization and efficiency on the battlefield.