Themes in Bernarda Alba's House

Authority vs. Desire for Freedom

The central theme of the play is the clash between authority, represented by Bernarda, and the desire for freedom, embodied by Maria Josefa and Adela. Beneath this lies the exploration of human relations and the social conflict they generate. Bernarda, as the head of the family, attempts to enforce her strict standards, while Adela, her daughter, and Maria Josefa, her mother, try to rebel against them.

Sensual Love and Pursuit of Men

Bernarda prevents men from approaching her daughters, deeming them unsuitable for their class. The emergence of Pepe el Romano ignites the passions of these women who long to marry to escape their mother's tyranny. Martirio desires Pepe, Angustias is to marry him, and Adela maintains a secret relationship with him.

Hypocrisy and Appearances

Concern for public opinion, the fear of gossip, and the attempt to appear as something one is not are frequent themes in the work. This is reflected in the thorough cleaning the maids are forced to do, in Bernarda's attempt to keep her mother hidden so she is not discovered, and in Bernarda's obsession that people will not know what happens inside her home.

Hatred and Envy

Hatred and envy between characters are constant throughout the play. Bernarda is hated by everyone: her daughters, the maids, and the townspeople. Angustias is envied by her sisters, and they hate her. Jealousy and envy drive Martirio to accuse Adela. This hatred is expressed through asides, insults, innuendo, and cursing.

Social Injustice

The author denounces in the first act the hatred and injustice caused by social differences. Bernarda is ranked highest, followed by her daughters, the maids, and finally, the beggar woman. Pepe's interest in Angustias is driven by her fortune, which creates even more jealousy among the sisters. Characters below Bernarda's social level accept mandates obediently but harbor resentment.

Marginalization of Women

The author also denounces the role of women in the society of the time. On one side are women like the prostitute Paca la Roseta, who are judged for being more free and independent, and are therefore excluded from 'decent' society. On the other hand, 'decent' women are subjected to men, or simply expected to take care of the house.

Honor and Reputation

Honor is closely tied to the theme of appearances and represents a conflict between conventional, rigid principles and more liberal views.