Textual Typologies and Narrative Structures

Textual Typologies

• Description: These represent objects, places, people, and processes (refer, potete).
• Narrative: These recount events and actions (refer).
• Conversational and Poetic Dialogues: These represent conversations written in direct, indirect, or free indirect styles. They include monologues (refer, Fatica, with).
• Instructive: These give directions, recommend, or suggest procedures (refer).
• Predictive: These express events made in advance.
• Expository: These inform and provide knowledge on a single track (refer).
• Argumentative: These express opinions (refer).
• Rhetorical: This impacts the receiver formally (poetica, con, metalinguistic).

Types of Narrator

• Omniscient Narrator: This narrator knows everything about the characters.
• External Observer: This narrator relates only what can be observed.
• Protagonist Narrator: The main character serves as the narrator.
• Secondary Character: This narrator acts as a witness, providing an account of events they attend.

Narration Verbs: Used to drive the action forward.

Narrative Dialogue Styles

• Direct Style: This reproduces the characters' words verbatim.
• Indirect Style: The narrator relates the words of characters in the third person (e.g., "He said that...").
• Free Indirect Style: This combines the two styles above. The third-person narrator relates thoughts or words without using indirect links.
• Monologue: A variant of dialogue where a character talks to themselves or no response is expected.

Verb Analysis Example

Cantare: First-person singular, simple future subjunctive, imperfective aspect, of the first conjugation.

Expository and Argumentative Texts

Expository Text

The purpose of an expository text is to inform and provide knowledge about a theme. It has an informative and didactic intention.

• Informative Texts: These report clearly and objectively about a topic of general interest (such as a newspaper). They must be easy to understand because they address a broad sector of the public.
• Scientific Exhibition: These have a high degree of difficulty; the aim is not only to inform but also to facilitate the understanding of complex concepts.

Structure of the Exhibition

Expositions are based on an idea developed through logical, chronological, or hierarchical relationships. The structure includes an introduction, development, and conclusion.

Argumentative Structure

This aims to express views and opinions. The structure is divided into three sections:

1. Introduction: Presents the thesis or the idea being treated.
2. Development: Where the arguments are presented.
3. Conclusion: Summarizes the development of the arguments.

Linguistic Components and Word Formation

Parasynthetic Words

These consist of a lexeme + prefix + suffix. The word does not exist if the prefix or suffix is removed.

Morphemes

• Independent Morphemes: These are words by themselves.
• Dependent Morphemes: These join to supplement or amend the meaning of lexemes.
  • Derivatives: These add meaning (prefix, infix, suffix).
  • Inflectional: These are found in final positions in the word and are used to express gender, number, person, time, and mode.