Substantive, Adjective, and Adverbial Clauses

Substantive Clauses

Substantive clauses can function as the main verb. They can often be substituted by "what."

Example: "I told him to come right away."

Substantive Complement Indirect (CI)

Functions as the verb of the main proposition. Can be pronominalized (le).

Example: "Give this letter to whoever is reading."

Substantive Direct Complement (DC)

Functions as the verb of the main proposition.

Example: "He did it without anyone knowing."

Substantive of Prepositional Phrase (C. Scheme)

Functions as a complement of the verb in the main proposition. It is often preceded by a preposition, with or without a following conjunction.

Example: "Trust those who care about you."

Substantive of Attribute

Functions as an attribute in the main proposition, typically with a copulative verb.

Example: "My hope is that everybody passes."

Prepositional Complement Substantive

Can be a noun (CN), an adjective, or an adverb. Introduced with the conjunction "que" or the preposition "si."

Example: "I am sure that he does not deceive us."

Adjective Clauses

Relative Pronouns: who, whom, whose, which, that.

Relative Adverbs: where, how, when.

Adverbial Clauses

An adverbial clause is a group of words that functions as an adverb. They can be formed from different structures:

• Noun phrases: perhaps
• Coordination: more or less
• Prepositional phrases: although, really, anyway, no doubt, suddenly, in the dark, sometimes

Adverbial clauses commonly function as sentential complements: in effect, no doubt, therefore, of course, however...

Adverbial Clauses of Time

Indicates the time when the action of the main verb takes place.

Conjunctions: if, while, meanwhile, whereas, as, whenever, when, after, before, pending, just, then, as soon as, once.

Adverbial Clauses of Place

Indicates where the action of the main verb takes place.

Conjunctions/Adverbs: where, wherever, from where, to where.

Adverbial Clauses of Manner

Indicates how the action of the main verb is performed.

Conjunctions: as, as if, according to, and as to.

Adverbial Clauses of Cause

Indicates the reason or cause for the action of the main verb.

Conjunctions: because, then, since, due to, however, in view of, seen that, outside, for that reason.