Struggle for Independence in United States, French Revolution, and Latin America

Independence of United States:

Between 1756 and 1763, England and France fought the Seven Years War. England won, leading to measures affecting the 13 colonies:

• It prohibited the advance of the French towards conquered lands.
• It reimplemented the commercial monopoly.

Towards an Independence State:

The British measures outraged the colonists, leading to boycotts and street disturbances. In 1774, the Continental Congress of Philadelphia met, followed by a second Congress in 1775, which decreed popular mobilization. On July 4, 1776, the Declaration of Independence was passed.

French Revolution:

Clergy: The state was divided into high and low clergy. The high clergy were mostly nobles, while the lower clergy came from common sectors. Nobility: Nobles possessed immense fortunes, with noble of the robe and noble of the gown. Third Estate: Composed of the majority of the population, including lower bourgeoisie and common urban people.

This society reflected great inequalities, with clergy and nobility as privileged classes.

Independence:

On August 24, 1791, Saint-Domingue was ablaze, marking the start of the first great fight for freedom in Latin America.

The Seeds of Revolution:

The flame of liberty in Haiti spread across Latin America. By 1825, the region was independent, inspired by the British colonies' independence in the 1770s and early 1780s.

Independence in Mexico:

Mexico began its struggle for self-government in 1810 when Miguel de Hidalgo, a criollo priest, planned the Mexican revolution. The Cry of Dolores in September 1810 marked the beginning of the fight for independence.

Mexico Becomes Independent:

While the Spanish executed the revolution's leaders, a small rebel group led by Agustin de Iturbide continued fighting. In 1821, Iturbide declared Mexico independent, supported by wealthy individuals who trusted him to protect their interests.