States of Matter and Atomic Theory: A Deep Dive

States of Matter and Their Properties

Solids: Maintain a constant volume and shape. They possess a high density, are rigid, and are difficult to compress. Liquids: Are not rigid and are difficult to compress, maintaining a constant volume but with a variable shape. They usually have a high density. Gases: Easily expand and compress, having a variable shape and very low density.

Kinetic Molecular Theory

The discontinuous kinetic molecular model (composed of many particles) explains the behavior of matter. Molecules are in continuous motion, with attractive forces between particles. Solids: The attraction between particles is very intense, keeping them very close together and occupying a fixed position. Their movement is limited to vibration. Liquids: The attractive forces are intense, but not enough to keep particles in fixed positions, allowing for vibration and displacement. Gases: The attractive forces between particles are negligible, and the particles are very far apart (total disorder), moving with vibration and colliding elastically.

Gas Laws

Boyle-Mariotte's Law: For a gas at constant volume, temperature and pressure are directly proportional. Charles's and Gay-Lussac's Law: If the pressure is kept constant, an increase in temperature will cause an increase in volume.

Matter Classification

Matter can be classified as: Homogeneous: Solutions or pure substances (elements and compounds). Heterogeneous: Mixtures.

Solutions and Solubility

A saturated solution at a certain temperature does not admit more solute.

Factors influencing solubility:

• The solubility of gases in liquids increases with pressure.
• The solubility of gases in liquids decreases with temperature.
• The solubility of solids in liquids increases with temperature.

Factors influencing the speed of dissolution:

• Increased surface contact leads to faster dissolution.
• Increased agitation leads to faster dissolution.

Atomic Theory

Dalton's Atomic Theory: In 1808, John Dalton (1766-1844) set out his atomic theory, which is still valid today.

Avogadro's Hypothesis: In 1811, Amedeo Avogadro (1776-1856) proposed that molecules are composed of atoms.

Immediate Principles

• Inorganic: Minerals, salts, water.
• Organic: Carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, nucleic acids.

Essential Elements for Life

The basic elements for living beings are: Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen, Nitrogen, Potassium, Calcium, Iron, Sulfur, Phosphorus, Magnesium, Sodium, and Chlorine.

Chemical Symbols

Ag-Silver, Al-Aluminum, Ar-Argon, As-Arsenic, Au-Gold, B-Boron, Ba-Barium, Be-Beryllium, Bi-Bismuth, Br-Bromine, C-Carbon, Ca-Calcium, Cd-Cadmium, Cl-Chlorine, Co-Cobalt, Cr-Chromium, Cs-Cesium, Cm-Curium, Cu-Copper, F-Fluorine, Fe-Iron, Ga-Gallium, Ge-Germanium, H-Hydrogen, He-Helium, Hg-Mercury, I-Iodine, Ir-Iridium, K-Potassium, Kr-Krypton, La-Lanthanum, Li-Lithium, Mg-Magnesium, Mn-Manganese, N-Nitrogen, Na-Sodium, Ne-Neon, Ni-Nickel, O-Oxygen, P-Phosphorus, Pb-Lead, Pd-Palladium, Pt-Platinum, Pu-Plutonium, Ra-Radium, Rb-Rubidium, Rh-Rhodium, S-Sulfur, Sb-Antimony, Se-Selenium, Si-Silicon, Sn-Tin, Sr-Strontium, Te-Tellurium, Ti-Titanium, U-Uranium, V-Vanadium, W-Tungsten, Xe-Xenon, Zn-Zinc.