The State: Definition, Components, Functions, and Democracy

Defining the State

The State is the political and higher administrative unit governing a territory and under whose authority are all its inhabitants. It consists of clear borders recognized internationally. It possesses symbols (flag, anthem, etc.).

Essential Components of the State

Territory

The State exercises power within a territory bounded by borders. This includes:

• Water, soil, and subsoil.
• Air space.
• Embassies, consulates, military ships, and planes.

Borders can be:

• Natural: Topography, rivers, seas.
• Legal/Historical: Historical or cultural rights.
• Artificial: Geometric forms and geographical coordinates.

Population

The population consists of the people who have certain rights but also obligations, such as paying taxes.

The Power and Functions of the State

To control the territory and population, the State creates laws that must be obeyed by citizens. A set of institutions is responsible for carrying out these laws, including the police (to maintain public order), an army (to defend the territory), a diplomatic corps (for international relations), and officials who execute various policies.

Core State Functions

• Maintain public order (Police).
• Defend the territory (Army).
• Establish international relations (Ambassadors).
• Make laws.
• Provide services such as education and health.
• Regulate the economy.

The Social Welfare State

The Social Welfare State is defined by government intervention in the economy and society to ensure that all citizens have a decent standard of living. These states must provide essential services, including:

• Health
• Education
• Aid for the unemployed
• Pensions for the retired

Characteristics of Democratic States

The word democracy means "government of the people," meaning citizens take part in decisions. To be considered a democratic state, three characteristics must be met:

1. Citizen participation in government.
2. Separation of powers.
3. The Rule of Law.

Citizen Participation

All adults have the right to vote. Citizens can stand for election, expose their programs freely, and the state must ensure the integrity of the results.

The Separation of Powers

The separation of powers typically involves three branches:

• The Parliament (Legislative Branch): Responsible for passing laws.
• The Government (Executive Branch): Responsible for enforcing laws and administering the country.
• The Judges (Judicial Branch): Their mission is to enforce the laws.

The Rule of Law

Under the Rule of Law, all laws must be respected by everyone. The supreme law is the Constitution, which defines the rights and duties of citizens.