Special Education and Rehabilitation: Key Concepts

**Enable and Rehabilitate**

Enable: To make a person fit for something they were not previously capable of. It is the process by which a subject acquires a new function.

Rehabilitate: The process by which a subject retrieves a lost function.

**Special Education**

Special education serves students who do not benefit from regular education systems and require specialized methodologies to achieve learning. It requires a multidisciplinary curriculum, special and differential methods (motor, sensory, intellectual, social, or multi-deficit), and a multidisciplinary support team.

**Education**

Education plays a critical role in the community. It is inherent in the continued existence and lifestyle, performed by a sum of cultural processes of assimilation and differentiation of individuals. By virtue of spontaneous or intentional action exerted on them by the educator (who represents the older generation) or mutually exerted between them, individuals can develop their personalities and bio-psychic training provisions. This allows them to improve autonomy and contribute to the progress of the community (Pino).

Types of Education

• Spontaneous, Reflective, or Informal: Unorganized, leaving an indelible mark unintentionally. It is inherent in human beings, arises from coexistence, and is assimilated unconsciously.
• Formal or Systematic: Institutionalized, planned, and deliberate. It implies a medical evaluation, with pre-set goals and objectives.

**Pedagogy**

Pedagogy is the science of education.

**Instruction**

Instruction facilitates the acquisition of knowledge, communicates knowledge, and promotes the acquisition of technologies to continue the pursuit of knowledge for a single disciple.

**Culture**

Culture is nature manufactured by human hands.

**Teach**

Teaching is a communication process with coordinated action, which proposes to introduce students systematically to facts, ideas, techniques, and knowledge. It is a joint human activity, an interaction between a teacher, one or more students, and the object of knowledge.

**Teaching**

Teaching is the art and technique of instruction. It allows learning to be consumed.

**Learning**

Learning is every relatively permanent change in behavior based on experience.

**Experience**

Experience is a unique and individual occurrence of a person in a determined situation.

**Education: Method**

A method is a way of thinking that directs activity and controls the way of acting and achieving results. It is a deliberate, rational, and responsible way to design a plan to serve as a blueprint for basic regulatory procedures. The scientific method uses inductive and deductive investigation to find objective truth. In education, the objective is to convey a truth.

**Plan**

A plan is an intelligent and well-calculated estimate of all phases of school work and the rational programming of all activities so that teaching is safe, economical, and efficient. For example, a telephone task might involve teaching communication skills. All planning for improvement is based on standards that are embodied in behavioral achievements.

Characteristics of a Good Lesson Plan

• Fundamental continuity
• Flexibility
• Objectivity and realism
• Precision
• Clarity

**Educational Objectives**

Educational objectives express the behavioral changes that are anticipated as a result of the teaching-learning process for the learner.

Learning Objectives

For example, to empower the child to properly articulate two-syllable words with a direct syllable containing the letter "R".

Learning objectives should be stated in measurable terms, and their evaluation should be possible without interruption. They should specify the conditions under which execution is expected to occur and the performance level to be achieved.

Example of a Learning Objective: To articulate two-syllable words with "R" correctly.

Types of Objectives

• General Educational Objectives (GEO): Know, understand (e.g., "The child knows animals").
• Specific (Observable Conduct + Subject Matter): Pointing, showing, grouping, naming, voicing, addressing, describing, counting.
• Operational:
  • Presentation: At the end, the student will be able to...
  • Behavior: Name
  • Content: Parts of the face
  • Conditions: Using a doll
  • Level of Efficiency: Without mistakes

Example: A child with mixed specific language impairment has difficulty articulating phonemes. The general objective is for the child to master the correct articulation of phonemes by the end of the semester. A specific objective is for the child to repeat words.