Spanish Society Transformation Post-1960s Economic Shifts

Social Changes

As a direct result of the economic changes experienced from the 1960s, Spanish society underwent a profound transformation.

Demographic Shifts

Regarding demographics, there was a substantial population growth due to an increasing birth rate (the "baby boom"). At the same time, the urban population grew as a result of rural exodus, industrialization, and the expansion of the tertiary sector. Emigration was also directed toward countries like France, Switzerland, and Germany, which needed manpower.

This transformed the socio-professional structure. Employees, professionals, executives, and officials saw an increase, alongside a decline in the agricultural community. In some regions (Catalonia, Madrid, Basque Country, Asturias), heavy concentrations of workers originated a new labor movement. In Andalusia and Extremadura, the problem of landless laborers survived.

The SEAT 600:

Behavioral and Cultural Changes

In addition to the above changes, a significant change in behavior is noted. This was driven by cultural improvements:

• Increased school population and declining illiteracy.
• Increased and widespread university student travel abroad (not only for migratory reasons).

Issues within the family also influenced society, such as the incorporation of women into the workforce, the early abandonment of the family home by young people, and, in general, increased mobility. Households began to acquire modern equipment, such as electrical appliances (refrigerator, TV...) and cars (like the popular SEAT 600 shown in photos), dipping into what has been called the "consumer society." A new mentality developed, demanding freedom of thought, which in many cases involved the decline of religious practice. In this sense, the Catholic Church, after Vatican II, began a process of distancing itself from the regime and secularization among many of its members.

Political Impact

All these societal changes had an impact among the younger generation of workers and students, who staged a process of opposition to Franco. This opposition proved unstoppable through the repression to which the regime resorted to prevent its fall.