Spanish Literary Evolution: Realism and Naturalism in the 19th Century

Spanish Literary Evolution: Realism and Naturalism

Characteristics of Realism

Realism is characterized by its focus principally on the bourgeoisie. It is a reflection of bourgeois society, normally presented in a novel, and seeks to portray social reality with accuracy and objectivity through credible descriptions. It is based on a meticulous observation of reality. Authors typically use a realistic omniscient point of view and frequently include author's comments to influence the reader's opinion. It also draws attention to the use of a natural style and colloquial language.

Characteristics of Naturalism

Naturalism takes Realism to extremes. It is based on the scientific method and determinism, making extensive use of unusual or unpleasant environments and unusual characters. It applies the scientific method strictly to human behavior.

Realism and Naturalism in 19th Century Spain

The second half of the nineteenth century in Spain was characterized by great instability and constant political tensions. There was a continual alternation between conservatives and progressives, leading to many political changes. The Revolution of 1868 – known as "La Gloriosa" – marked the collapse of Elizabeth II's reign and the rise of the bourgeoisie. This period was initially marked by political failure. With the return to the conservative monarchy during the Restoration, some political stability was achieved, featuring a peaceful alternation between parties and economic prosperity. The Restoration period brought about a transformation of Spanish society.

In the previous stage, dreamy Romanticism, which emphasized individual liberty, was prevalent. At this stage, there was a consolidation of the bourgeoisie, who were no longer as interested in dreams but rather in practical understanding. This created the perfect breeding ground for Realism: they wanted to know things as they are. The number of readers increased significantly during this period, and newspapers gained much influence on public opinion, also through serial novels.

Ideological Currents of the Era

At this time, various ideological currents also arose:

• Traditionalists: Advocated Catholicism, opposing scientific and philosophical advancements.
• Krausists: Postulated a morality based on humanity and tolerance. Their ideas on secular and modern education led to the creation of the "Free Education Institution" and influenced writers such as Galdós and Clarín.