Spanish Generation of '98: Literature, History, and Legacy

The Generation of '98

Three Key Stages

1. Youth and Rebellion (Early 1900s)

This era saw authors like Azorín characterized by a rebellious spirit and revolutionary stance, exemplified by figures like Pío Baroja and Ramiro de Maeztu.

2. Reform and Manifesto (1901)

In 1901, Azorín, Pío Baroja, and Ramiro de Maeztu published a manifesto aimed at encouraging social change in Spain. Their goal was reform through political action.

3. Maturity and Introspection (1910s)

Around 1910, the Generation of '98 authors shifted their focus from societal change to individual problems, exploring themes of existentialism and irrationalism, often reflecting their personal views on Spain's history and their place within it.

Defining the Generation of '98

There are varying perspectives on the Generation of '98 and its relationship to Modernism:

1. Modernism as a Unified Movement: Some consider Modernism a single artistic and literary movement with diverse features, including rebellion against the established order, artistic renewal, rejection of realism, and influences from Symbolism and Parnassianism.
2. Distinct Movements: Others view Modernism and the Generation of '98 as separate movements with key differences. Modernism is characterized by a rejection of society, escapism, ornamental aesthetics, and a focus on lyricism. The Generation of '98, conversely, is marked by a desire for social reform, a commitment to Spain, stylistic sobriety, and a focus on the novel.
3. A Single Generation with Variations: A third perspective suggests a single Modernist generation, but with a subgroup (the Generation of '98) possessing distinct characteristics.

Pío Baroja: A Key Figure

Pío Baroja was a prominent novelist whose works explored philosophical concerns and reflected his view of individuals navigating a hostile world. His social criticism often manifested in the portrayal of rebellious characters. Baroja's writing is notable for its lively dialogue and naturalistic style.