Spain's Transformation: NATO, EU, and Societal Shifts Since 1980s

Spain's Accession to NATO

Following a significant political regime change, Spain was able to join the European Economic Community (EEC). During the dictatorship, requests to join were declined. Spain's entry into NATO was considered crucial for the defense agreement. Almost all Western European countries were NATO members. Adolfo Suárez expressed his desire to join both organizations, but his term prioritized the consolidation of democracy and internal policy.

With Leopoldo Calvo Sotelo's arrival to power, Spain initiated the process to enter NATO, culminating on May 30, 1982. The Spanish Socialist Workers' Party (PSOE), initially in favor of neutrality and a referendum on the matter, faced significant public opposition. However, the PSOE later determined that NATO membership was in the national interest. In 1986, a public consultation was held to decide whether to remain in NATO. The affirmative vote was contingent on three conditions: non-integration into NATO's military structure, a ban on nuclear weapons in Spanish territory, and a reduction of the US military presence in Spain. The Socialist Party secured the people's support, albeit by a narrow margin.

Spain's Entry into the European Union

On June 12, 1985, Spain signed the Treaty of Accession to the EEC. This treaty came into force on January 1, 1986, making Spain a member of the then twelve-member European Union.

Main Demographic Changes in Spain Since the Mid-1980s

Since the mid-1980s, Spain has experienced a rapid decline in birth rates, leading to an aging population. This demographic shift has been accompanied by a model of openness and economic growth, thanks to immigration and Spain's integration into Europe.

Changes in the Basque Country Since 1985

• Decline of the primary sector
• Tertiarization of the economy
• Urban transformations
• Socio-cultural development

What is Inflation?

Inflation is the rate at which the general level of prices for goods and services is rising, and, subsequently, purchasing power is falling.

Is Spain a Welfare State?

Yes, Spain is considered a welfare state. The state funds numerous services to ensure a decent quality of life for all citizens. Healthcare became universal, and accident and sickness insurance, retirement pensions, and unemployment benefits were generalized.

The February 23 Coup Attempt and the Consolidation of Democracy

In 1979, elections were held again, and the Union of the Democratic Centre (UCD) won. However, due to the economic crisis and internal divisions within the coalition, Suárez resigned in 1981. On February 23, 1981, during the presidential vote in favor of Leopoldo Calvo Sotelo, a coup d'état was attempted. The coup failed due to the decisive response of the King, political parties, and the lack of public support.

Calvo Sotelo's government faced the severity of the economic crisis and an increase in terrorist activities. One of his most significant decisions was Spain's accession to NATO in 1982. The PSOE won the elections in October 1982 with an absolute majority. This victory is considered the end of the peaceful transition to democracy in Spain.