Spain's Progressive Biennium (1854-1856): Reforms and Political Shifts

The Progressive Biennium (1854-1856)

Queen Isabella II calls Espartero to restore the Constitution of 1837. She announces cuts and postpones general workers' demands for freedom of association. Espartero conducts the dissolution of boards. His resignation signifies a revolutionary break with the Democrats. The regime established during the biennium seeks constitutional change, remaining a project whose fundamental characteristics are progressive.

The Work of the Biennium

Bases for the constitution were created. The Constitution of 1856 featured national sovereignty, an elected senate with the same privileges as Congress, and a permanent deputation of the courts. It included broad rights, such as religious freedom, which caused a new Carlist uprising. Rebates were offered if elected, chosen by neighboring municipalities, the national militia, and a jury for press offenses.

Progressive Reforms

The biennium was very fruitful, achieving significant economic and social reforms. Confiscations and secularization aimed to subsidize railways and reduce public debt. Ecclesiastical disentailment was revitalized, causing a break with the Holy See and conflict with the Queen. The subsequent sale of lands for cash represented a significant increase in state resources.

Railway Plan

The rulers of the biennium faced the elaboration of the first developed plan for Spanish railroads.

Financial Reforms

These reforms aimed to control government activity through currency issuance. The Corporations Law secured control of the balance of state commercial companies.

End of the Biennium and Return to Conservatism: The O'Donnell Era

Espartero's tolerance generated discontent among provincial governors and businessmen. The slow mobilization policy and worker unrest in Valladolid and Barcelona led the upper classes to retreat to conservative positions. The conservative press heated the atmosphere, accusing anarchists of rioting in Valladolid. General O'Donnell was forced to resign under public pressure. Espartero's resignation led to the mobilization of National Guard battalions and ranks of Democrats, including Cristino Martos. The new cabinet decided to undo the militia and dissolved the state courts.