Spain's Political System, Society, and Global Impact

Spain's Parliamentary Monarchy

According to the Constitution, Spain is a parliamentary monarchy. The King is the Head of State; however, the government is elected by Parliament. The Government must address state policies and can dissolve Parliament.

The Crown's Role

The Crown represents the State. The King cannot make laws; his role is to advise and warn.

Key Institutions of the State

• Parliament (Cortes Generales): Consists of two chambers: the Congress of Deputies and the Senate. It exercises two main functions: legislative (elaboration and adoption of laws) and government control.
• Government: Comprising the President and ministers, it sets objectives to be achieved in areas such as agriculture, industry, health, and education.
• Judges and Courts: Responsible for law enforcement and administering justice.

Political Participation and Parties

Political parties are the channels through which citizens usually participate in political life. Examples include the PSOE (Spanish Socialist Workers' Party) and the PP (Popular Party).

Division of Powers in Spain

A fundamental principle of parliamentary democracy is the division of powers. In the state:

• The legislative function (making laws) belongs to Parliament.
• The executive function (implementing laws) belongs to the Government.
• The judiciary function (controlling law application and administering justice) belongs to judges and courts.

Local and Regional Administration in Spain

According to the Spanish Constitution, the state is organized into municipalities, provinces, and autonomous communities, forming the local administration.

The Spanish Political Transition

The Spanish transition from dictatorship to open democracy brought about significant political change, solidified by the drafting of a new Constitution.

Institutions of Self-Government (Autonomous Communities)

• Assembly or Parliament: Discusses and approves laws.
• President: Represents the autonomous community and leads its government.
• Government or Council: Executes and enforces laws.

Transformation of Spanish Society

Spanish society has undergone a significant transformation, moving from a predominantly rural to an urban and metropolitan landscape.

Key Societal Changes

• Changes in Family Structures: From traditional extended families to nuclear families, and the rise of single-parent households.
• Incorporation of Women into the Workforce: A significant increase, with, for example, 7.5 million women in the workforce by 2005.

Globalization and Spain

Globalization is a phenomenon characterized by economic, political, and cultural interdependence, aiming for social and economic inclusion across all countries. It offers instant global coverage and has profoundly impacted the foundations of society, fostering global awareness.

Aspects of Globalization

• Economic Globalization: Centers of economic and political power include the USA, Japan, and the EU. Its impact on daily life is evident as global trade facilitates the acquisition of similar products worldwide, influencing science and culture.
• Risks of Globalization: Includes the spread of diseases (e.g., AIDS) and terrorism.

Technological and Economic Development

This development is driven by scientific research, leading to patents and income generation. Historically, key economic sectors in Spain have included agriculture, industry, and health.

Drivers of Development

• Communication and Development: Advanced by computing, communication superhighways, and the Internet.
• The World of Television: A key medium for information and entertainment.

Development Indicators

Key indicators include per capita consumption and the human poverty line.