Spain's Democratic Sexenio (1868–1874): Revolution and Political Reform

The Democratic Sexenio (1868–1874)

The Glorious Revolution of 1868 and the Provisional Government

The period known as the Democratic Sexenio began with the military coup of September 19, 1868, known as the Glorious Revolution (La Gloriosa). This uprising in Cádiz was led by General Prim, General Serrano, and Admiral Topete (in command of the Navy).

The rebels' manifesto, titled "With Honors in Spain," was highly critical of Queen Isabella II's government structure. It sought the establishment of a provisional government to reform the current administration and implement universal suffrage. The uprising garnered significant popular support, leading to the creation of revolutionary boards.

Revolutionary troops defeated the forces loyal to Isabella II at Alcolea (Córdoba), paving the way for the rebels to enter Madrid and forcing the Queen into exile.

Formation of the Provisional Government and Political Divisions

Following the triumph of the insurrection, a provisional government was formed. This government excluded the Democratic Party, causing a split within the party between those advocating collaboration and the Republicans (led by figures like Figueras and Pi y Maragall).

The interim government was headed by Serrano and comprised Progressives (like Prim and Sagasta) and Unionists (like Topete). This government called for constituent courts in January 1869, elected by direct universal male suffrage.

Political Groups in the Constituent Courts (1869)

The main political factions present in the courts were:

• Carlists: Represented the extreme right, defending the monarchy and the Ancien Régime. They would soon revive the Third Carlist War.
• Moderates: Supporters of the monarchy and the return of the Bourbons under the Constitution of 1845. Since 1873, their leader was Antonio Cánovas del Castillo.
• Unionists, Progressives, and Democrats (Coalition Government): This coalition advocated for a constitutional monarchy and democracy. Prim was their most prominent leader.
• Federal Republican Party: This was the second largest party in terms of deputies. Positioned on the left, they sought a regime change and broad social legislation. They found strong support in Aragón, Catalonia, Valencia, and Andalusia.

The Constitution of 1869

The courts drafted the Constitution of 1869, which was, up until that point, the most liberal constitution in Spanish history. Key principles defended included:

• National Sovereignty
• Constitutional Monarchy
• Universal Male Suffrage
• Separation of Powers:
  • Legislative: Bicameral Cortes
  • Executive: The King
  • Judiciary: The Courts

The Regency of Serrano and Challenges to the New Regime

Once the Constitution of 1869 was approved, General Serrano was appointed Regent while the search for a new king was underway.

The new regime faced significant challenges, including:

• Popular and Republican uprisings.
• Severe problems in the state treasury.
• The ongoing war in Cuba.

Economic measures taken during this period included:

• The establishment of the Peseta as the single national currency (1868).
• Reduction of tariffs.
• Confiscation of subsoil rights, which led to the sale of mines.