Spain's 20th Century: Crises, Dictatorship, and Republic

Key Events in 20th Century Spanish History

Early 20th Century Crises

1. Copy and Complete in Your Notebook:

• The... 20th... Spain...

2. Similarities and Differences Between the Crises of 1909 and 1917:

• 1909 Crisis: There was widespread discontent among soldiers, which evolved into an anti-military and anti-clerical movement. This ultimately ended the country's stability.
• 1917 Crisis: Similar to 1909, but the entire population was involved in the revolution, leading Spain into a serious political crisis.

The Anual Disaster and Primo de Rivera's Dictatorship

3. Reading and Map Analysis (Page 96):

• A) What happened in Anual in 1921? It was a significant Spanish defeat in North Africa against the Berbers.
• B) Who came to power in the aftermath of the Anual disaster and the social crisis in 1923? General Primo de Rivera.

4. Main Measures Implemented by Primo de Rivera:

• Suspended the Constitution and dissolved the Cortes.
• Political parties and unions were banned.
• Freedom was significantly reduced, also affecting the press, education, and intellectuals opposed to the dictatorship.
• The Commonwealth of Catalonia was suppressed, and Catalan and Basque nationalism were banned, as was the public use of their languages.

The Second Spanish Republic

5. Reading and Answering Questions:

• A) Was the Spanish Republic secular or religious? Secular.
• B) How was the Congress of Deputies chosen? The Congress of Deputies is made up of representatives elected by universal, equal, direct, and secret vote.

6. Copy and Complete in Your Notebook (Block 4):

• 1. Biennium
• 2. Popular Front
• 3. Military Uprising
• 4. North Africa

In 1933, the right won the elections, and in 1936, the left won the elections.

• a) USA --> Communist
• b) True

Key Dates: 1930, 1936, 1939, 1909, 1937

7. Copy and Complete the Table:

• Military Reforms: Retirement law, reassignment of military officials.
• Religious Reforms: Reduced the Church's influence on public life and education.
• Territorial Reforms: Recognized historical nationalities and regions.
• Agrarian Reforms: Addressed the problem of land ownership.

Economic Impact and Political Shifts

8. Reading and Answering Questions:

• A) Why did the economic crash not affect Spain as profoundly as other countries? Thanks to Spain's strong protectionist policies.
• B) What products were less available after the crash? Citrus fruit, iron, and coal.
• C) Who signed the Pact of San Sebastián? The Pact of San Sebastián was signed by members of the opposition in 1930.