The Sounds of Language: A Guide to Phonetic Symbols
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The Sounds of Language
A Guide to Phonetic Symbols
Consonants
| Symbol | Place of Articulation | Manner of Articulation | Description |
|---|---|---|---|
| /p/ | Bilabial | Stop | Pronounced with contact between the two lips. |
| /b/ | Bilabial | Stop | Pronounced with contact between the two lips. |
| /t/ | Alveolar | Stop | The front of the tongue touches or nearly touches the alveolar ridge. |
| /d/ | Alveolar | Stop | The front of the tongue touches or nearly touches the alveolar ridge. |
| /k/ | Velar | Stop | The back of the tongue touches the velum. |
| /g/ | Velar | Stop | The back of the tongue touches the velum. |
| /f/ | Labiodental | Fricative | Contact between the lower lip and the upper teeth. |
| /v/ | Labiodental | Fricative | Contact between the lower lip and the upper teeth. |
| /θ/ | Dental | Fricative | Contact between the front of the tongue and the upper teeth. |
| /ð/ | Dental | Fricative | Contact between the front of the tongue and the upper teeth. |
| /s/ | Alveolar | Fricative | The front of the tongue touches or nearly touches the alveolar ridge. |
| /z/ | Alveolar | Fricative | The front of the tongue touches or nearly touches the alveolar ridge. |
| /ʃ/ | Palatal | Fricative | The front of the tongue approaches the palate. |
| /ʒ/ | Palatal | Fricative | The front of the tongue approaches the palate. |
| /tʃ/ | Alveopalatal | Affricate | The front of the tongue touches the area between the alveolar ridge and the palate. |
| /dʒ/ | Alveopalatal | Affricate | The front of the tongue touches the area between the alveolar ridge and the palate. |
| /h/ | Glottal | Fricative | It is produced in the throat between the vocal cords. |
| /l/ | Alveolar | Lateral Liquid | The front of the tongue touches the alveolar ridge (/l/ is also described as an alveolar sound), but the sides of the tongue are dropped down and tensed, so air escapes laterally. |
| /r/ | Alveolar | Retroflex Liquid | To produce this sound, the tip of the tongue doesn't touch anything and just curls back behind the alveolar ridge, so air escapes over it. |
| /j/ | Palatal | Glide | The top of the tongue is raised towards the palate. The tongue glides away from /i/ (high front) and towards /u/ (high back). |
| /w/ | Labiovelar | Glide | The tongue begins in a high position toward the velum, and the lips are rounded, at the same time. |
| /m/ | Bilabial | Nasal | The lips are brought together to obstruct the oral cavity. |
| /n/ | Alveolar | Nasal | The front and sides of the tongue contact the alveolar ridge anteriorly and laterally to obstruct the oral cavity. |
| /ŋ/ | Velar | Nasal | The tongue dorsum is elevated and retracted to contact the velum, obstructing the oral cavity. |