The Soul's Nature: A Philosophical Inquiry
Classified in Latin
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Livelihood:
That which should be itself and not another.
Diverse Conceptions of the Soul
Its substantial identity. Del Alma: In substance, spirit will not admit of a composite or material existence. Del Alma is to be concrete, and to port an individual to a substance to order or resemble a universal form. Clinamen is considered to be the soul tied to the body, as the pilot of a ship, safe in its independent tendencies to substance.
Source Del Alma
As he formed the Soul
Traducianism:
ESIS is the position of Tertullian and St. Augustine. Consensus is that your soul is the result of your parents.
Emanation:
EI (the soul) is to be emanating from his substance (Stoic) or will not return (Neoplatonism). For Spinoza, the soul emanates from substance; for Hegel, the soul emanates from the Absolute Spirit.
Creation:
From Alexandria. Origen and St. Augustine: Because God created the universe, he created souls as more and less lasting, having a common origin and a variety of forms to accommodate various human beings.
Creating Individual Souls:
God creates each human being's respective soul. It is a decisive and just moment of conception. (Catholic Thought: Descartes, Vico, Campanella, Leibniz, Kant)
Evolution of Matter:
The soul becomes a moment in the culmination of material evolution, as thought and origin are introduced into matter.
Diverse Conceptions of the Soul's Substantiality
Plato, St. Augustine, Descartes, Leibniz, Berkeley:
On the one hand, the soul is one substance.
Moral Reasons:
Man seeks perfection in their actions.
Epistemological Reasons:
Man wants to see absolute truth and knowledge.
Materialists, Atomists, Evolutionists, Marxists:
To these, the soul is an accident.
St. Thomas, Maritain, E. Gilson, J. Maritain:
The soul is a substance. Arguments:
The soul is something subsistent because it has its own properties and acts independently of the body. It is a principle of life and action that makes the soul.
Man is a social being, but incomplete without the proper disposition.
Conclusion:
The soul is a complete substance because it has a perfect definition of substance, but it is incomplete because it only constitutes an essence, and not the specific existence of a human being.