Causes and Solutions for Urban-Rural Fringe Change

Causes of the Change of Urban-Rural Fringe:

• Cheaper land
• Less traffic congestion
• Easier access and better road infrastructure
• A pleasant environment with more open space

Type of Land Used:

• Housing
• Science and business parks, supermarkets, retail parks, and shopping centres
• Hotels and conference centres, offices, motorways
• Recreational areas such as parks and sports stadiums

Traffic:

Population structure, social, housing, services, transport, employment, environment

Solutions:

• Park and ride schemes:
  • Allow private car owners living in rural areas to travel where other public transport systems are unviable
  • Provides free car parking mainly at specially provided bus terminals
  • Provides efficient public transport within urban areas
  • Reduces traffic and pollution
• Short Distance Trains and Supertrams:

Operates on converted railway lines in the suburbs and on the newly constructed routes of the city centre

Earthquakes:

Primary effects:

• A lot of buildings collapsed
• Several trains of minor lines were destroyed

Secondary effects:

• Electricity, gas, and water supplies were disrupted
• Fires caused by broken gas pipes
• Roads were at gridlock
• People were made homeless and had to live in temporary shelters
• People were afraid to return home due to the aftershock
• Many industries were forced to close