Sociological Perspectives on Education: Functionalism, Human Capital, and Equality

Functionalism: Society as a Unified System

Functionalism conceives society as a 'social system' unified by several subsystems, where each element fulfills a certain function to make the system work. The elements or subsystems must be stable enough. If a particular social change promotes a harmonious balance, it is considered functional; if it disturbs the balance, it is dysfunctional; and if it has no effect, it is non-functional.

Functionalism and the Education System

For functionalism, the primary function of education is to prepare individuals for the particular environment they will serve. It views schools and families as essential institutions for performing the role of social reproduction, ensuring a just and legitimate social order. Education thus serves as a crucial factor in maintaining social stability.

Functionalist Interest in Education

Public Interest:

• Economic Viewpoint: Education is seen as a key factor behind economic growth.
• Political Viewpoint: Contributes to military hegemony and national strength.
• Ideological Viewpoint: Facilitates social mobility and reinforces societal values.

Private Interest:

• Possessive Individualism: Fosters the development of innate capacities.
• Expectations of Social Mobility: Provides pathways for individual advancement.
• Confidence in Science: Promotes belief in science as an engine of progress.

Education is the institution that identifies, selects, and distributes individuals within society. For functionalism, inequalities are not inherited but depend on the achievements and merits of the individuals themselves.

Basic Principles of Functionalism in Education

• Social positions are distributed according to merit and qualification.
• Formal education is the primary means to acquire these necessary skills.
• Individuals' access to formal education depends on their preferences and skills.
• Intellectual abilities are assumed to be randomly distributed across the population.

Human Capital Theory in Education

Human Capital Theory posits that schools prepare individuals for the world of work and build social legitimacy to justify inequalities. Education is understood as a productive factor, alongside physical capital and labor. It is considered an investment that individuals make for their own benefit.

This theory developed during a period characterized by:

• An international educational explosion.
• Significant economic growth.
• Tertiarization of the economy (growth of the service sector).
• A prevailing social pact (consensus on societal goals).

Theory of Equal Opportunity

The Theory of Equal Opportunity addresses a significant theoretical and political debate: How can equality of opportunity be achieved? A key objective for governments, embodying the "democratic ideal," is compulsory basic education.

This theory encompasses:

• A liberal conception of natural gifts and talents.
• Policies aimed at removing socio-economic barriers that block the development of talents.