Sensation, Perception, and Cognitive Development: Key Concepts

Sensation vs. Perception

1. What is the difference between sensation and perception?

Sensation occurs when a sense organ detects a concrete stimulus. Perception occurs when the brain integrates these stimuli, making the individual aware of the sensation. Perception is the processing of information from stimuli.

Sensory Integration

2. Summarize sensory integration.

Sensory integration is the process of combining information from the senses to create meaning. This is essential for a child to understand the world.

Parker's Conclusions

3. What is Parker's (1991) conclusion regarding perception, sensation, and attention?

Parker asserts that perception, sensation, and attention are sufficiently developed at birth to enable interaction between mother and child.

Memory in Early Years

4. Summarize memory in early years (0-2).

Memory is limited in early years. Children under two have difficulty remembering. Researchers believe that memory before language is difficult. Children need strong motivation to remember.

Memory Strategies by Age

5. Determine memory strategies used by age.

• Repetition: 6-7 years (when material is complex and not very motivating); 3-4 years (when material is very motivating).
• More complex strategies (organizational): 8-9 years (with any material).

Metacognition Defined

6. Define metacognition.

Metacognition is the human capacity to think about our own cognitive abilities. It is the awareness we have of ourselves, allowing us to reflect on our memories and skills.

Secondary Circular Reaction

7. Give an example of Piaget's secondary circular reaction.

This stage involves children repeating actions that produce a sense of pleasure. Example: A child repeatedly pulls down a toy because they like the sound it makes.

Symbolic Function and Preconceptual Thinking

8. How does Piaget define symbolic function and preconceptual thinking?

The symbolic function is the ability to use one thing to represent another. Symbols include gestures and words. According to Piaget, the improvement in symbolic function leads to increased language use and quality.