Scientific Methodologies: Process, Features, and Knowledge Types

Understanding Method and Procedure

Method refers to the goal and purpose, while Procedure refers to the path, media, and standards. A procedure is a sequence of actions to achieve an objective, defining how a given activity can be sorted. It is a logical process or roadmap to achieve a goal.

Stages of Inductive and Deductive Methods

The general stages involved in inductive and deductive methods are:

1. Research Planning
2. Analytical Stage
3. Research Design
4. Data Collection
5. Data Analysis and Processing
6. Results Presentation

The Scientific Method

The Scientific Method is a planned procedure followed in investigation to discover the forms of existence and processes of the universe.

Key Features of Scientific Methodology

• Facticity: It adheres strictly to the facts, meaning it has an empirical reference.
• Goes Beyond the Facts: Scientific inquiry experiences reality to move beyond mere appearances.
• Is General: It locates singular facts within a general pattern.
• Is Goal-Oriented: A fact is treated as real and objective data.

General Phases of Scientific Method

• Inquiry Phase: Focused on discovering new processes or new aspects.
• Exhibition Stage: All new knowledge must be documented and exposed.

Steps in the Scientific Process

The core process involves:

1. Definition of the Problem
2. Formulation of Hypotheses
3. Hypothesis Testing
4. Development of Conclusions
5. Implementation of Conclusions

Defining the Problem

A problem is an unknown, a question, or the need to know something that lacks a logical answer. Defining the problem requires it to be specified and clearly articulated.

Understanding Hypothesis

The term Hypothesis is derived from: Hypo (below, beneath) and Thesis (proposal, proposition, position). A hypothesis is a well-founded conjecture or proposition.

Fundamentals of Research

Research is the process used to acquire knowledge about specific elements. Scientific knowledge derived from research is objective.

Four Basics of Effective Research

1. Searching for appropriate methods.
2. Ensuring consistency between methods and actions.
3. Increasing the importance or relevance of the subject.
4. Reporting accurately.

The Concept of Knowledge

Knowledge is defined as a reflection of objective reality within human consciousness.

Elements of the Investigation Process

• Subject of Knowledge: The individual who knows and is aware of the process.
• Object/Purpose: The object, thing, or element being studied and becoming known.
• Cognitive Activity: The time, act, or action when the knower engages with the object of knowledge.

Types of Knowledge

• Popular Knowledge: Derived from daily activities and obtained through routine contact with people and work (e.g., reading, observations).
• Empirical Knowledge: Obtained through systematized observations and experiments. Unlike popular knowledge, this is based on specific methods and tools.
• Scientific Knowledge: Characterized as rational, systematic, accurate, verifiable, and reliable.

Stages of Knowledge Acquisition

• Sensory Stage: Consists of sensations, perceptions, and representations.
• Logical or Rational Stage: Consists of concepts, judgments, and reasoning.
• Practical or Experimental Stage: Comprises experimentation, practice, and testing.