Scientific Description, Grammar Rules, and Renaissance Narrative Forms
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Understanding Scientific Description
The scientific description rigorously reports the characteristic features of objects, beings, phenomena, and processes.
Key Features of Scientific Description
- Clarity and Accuracy: Ensures information is precise and easy to understand.
- Objectivity: Presents reality without bias, avoiding personal opinions or interpretations.
- Rigor and Verifiability: Features must be updated and verifiable through empirical evidence.
Types of Scientific Description
- Static: Presents a fixed and stable reality.
- Dynamic: Presents a phenomenon in process or evolution.
Essential Grammar Concepts
The Subject in Sentences
The subject is a function of the nominal group. It always agrees with the verb in number and person.
Impersonal Sentences Explained
Impersonal sentences are those that do not have a specific subject.
- Meteorological phenomena (e.g., It's raining)
- When the verb "to be" gives chronological information (e.g., It's late)
- With the verbs "to have" and "to do" used impersonally (e.g., There is a problem)
- With the impersonal "se" (e.g., One speaks Spanish here)
Understanding the Predicate
The predicate is the exclusive function of the verb. It is divided into core and complements.
Verbal Predicate
Sentences with a verbal predicate are called predicate sentences.
Nominal Predicate and Copulative Sentences
The nominal predicate consists of a copula (e.g., am, is, are, was, were) and an attribute. These are called copulative sentences.
The Attribute in Copulative Sentences
The attribute is the complement that refers to the subject of a copulative sentence.
Forms of the Attribute
- An Adjectival Group: The girl looks very serious.
- A Nominal Group: My son is a famous writer.
- An Adverbial Group: The pictures were pretty good.
- A Nominal Group with Preposition: The gentleman is from Brazil.
Renaissance Literature: Narrative Forms
The Renaissance Epic Tradition
In the Renaissance, the epic became a cultivated genre, with known authors, though still written in verse.
Key European Renaissance Epics
This tradition follows two of the most important writers of Greco-Roman antiquity: Homer (Greek literature) and Virgil (Latin literature).
| Author | Works | Characters | Argument |
|---|---|---|---|
| Homer | Iliad | Paris, Helen, Hector, Achilles | Recounts the war between the Greeks and Trojans |
| Homer | Odyssey | Odysseus, Penelope, Telemachus | Describes the return of the hero Odysseus to his ancient city of Ithaca |
| Virgil | Aeneid | Aeneas, Dido | The adventures of Aeneas, the legendary founder of Rome |
- In Italy, Ludovico Ariosto recounts the war of Agramante against Charlemagne in Orlando Furioso, and Torquato Tasso wrote Jerusalem Delivered.
- The Lusiads by Luís de Camões in Portugal.
- In Spain, the most important poem was La Araucana by Alonso de Ercilla.
The Renaissance Novel in Spain
This period distinguishes between novels of chivalry and new subgenres of fiction:
- The pastoral novel and the Byzantine novel originated from Greco-Roman antiquity.
- The Moorish novel and the picaresque novel are narrative forms specific to Spain.
Chivalric Romances
Chivalric romances continued to enjoy great success, especially Amadis of Gaul, which inspired many imitations.
The Pastoral Novel
These novels depict the love lives of shepherds. Diana by Jorge de Montemayor is a representative Spanish pastoral novel.
The Byzantine Novel
Known for adventure, a notable example is Selva de Aventuras by Jerónimo de Contreras.
The Moorish Novel
Often anonymous, a notable example is Historia del Abencerraje y la hermosa Jarifa.
The Picaresque Novel
Lazarillo de Tormes is a prime example of this genre.