Rousseau and Kant: Enlightenment Philosophers on Freedom and Equality

Rousseau: On Freedom and Equality

Historical Context

Jean-Jacques Rousseau belongs to the 18th century, a period dominated by the Enlightenment in both England and France. This era was characterized by full confidence in reason as the primary means to solve human problems.

Theme

The central theme of Rousseau's work, as presented here, is the importance of equality and freedom as the foundation of human coexistence.

Main Ideas

• Equality is necessary for liberty.
• Equality is central to human relations and respect for the State.
• Equality under the law prevents any form of slavery.

Relationship of Ideas

The individual transitions from a state of nature to civil society as a member of a group, yet remains free while subject to the general will, expressed through laws. Instinct gives way to morality. Natural freedom, characterized by an unlimited right to everything, is relinquished in favor of civil liberty, which is limited only by the general will.

Explanation

Civil society is an organized society with conventional laws and governments. In the state of nature, humans live in isolation, with the family being the only natural community, and only for as long as children depend on their parents. In this state, humans possess natural freedom, or the ability to choose without regard for any natural rule. Rousseau posits that in this state, humans were naturally good and equal, with differences arising solely from physical conditions such as health, age, or strength, which were not significantly different among individuals.

Kant: On Human Dignity and Moral Duty

Historical Context

Immanuel Kant's philosophy is deeply rooted in the Enlightenment, a movement aimed at liberating humanity from various constraints, including tradition, despotism, and divine revelation. The Enlightenment sought to transform society under a legal system based on reason and freedom.

Theme

The central theme of Kant's work, as presented here, is that a rational person is characterized as an end in itself.

Main Ideas

• Humans have absolute or unconditional value.
• Every rational being must be a universal legislator.
• Respect for dignity and character is essential, both for oneself and in coexistence with others.

Relationship of Ideas

The sovereignty of the rational being means that humans should and can be viewed as persons, not objects.

Explanation

Kant defines humans as beings with a value not tied to any particular circumstances (religious, political, etc.). This absolute value means that no one can be treated merely as an object but must be regarded as an end in itself, worthy of consideration and respect. Choosing and ordering respect for others is chosen as the principle of action, and one must only obey the moral law. Human actions are determined partly by reason but also by inclinations or feelings, particular desires, or passions. Humans experience a set of desires (power, money, etc.) that can lead them away from moral duty.