Roots of the French Revolution: Economic Crisis and Social Conflict

The French Revolution was the most important political change that occurred in Europe in the late eighteenth century. It was not only important for France, but served as a precedent for other countries, where similar social conflicts broke out against an anachronistic and oppressive regime, such as the monarchy. This revolution represented the triumph of a poor people, oppressed and tired of injustice, over the privileges of the feudal nobility and the absolutist state.

Absolute Monarchy and Economic Collapse

During the reign of Louis XIV (1643–1715), France was under the sway of an absolute monarchy. The power of the king and the nobility was the basis of this regime, but in reality, the state was in a precarious economic situation. This situation worsened under the poor governance of Louis XV (grandson of Louis XIV) and bottomed out during the reign of Louis XVI, a ruler well-intentioned but weak-willed, who was sometimes called "the good Louis."

The Cost of Absolutism

The maintenance of an absolutist state demanded a lot of money because:

• There was a large number of officials in government, and each sought his own benefit.
• The state had to maintain a large standing army.
• The court was surrounded by luxuries.

Some finance ministers tried to find a solution to this crisis, but their actions only further complicated the situation.

Foreign Policy and Debt Crisis

A new problem appeared:

• France sent troops to North America to defend their territorial positions against the advancing British government (supporting the United States).
• As a result, the monarchy borrowed more money.

Failed Solutions and Noble Resistance

Proposed Solutions:

1. Traditionally, attempts were made to raise taxes.
2. Efforts were made to get the nobility to also contribute their tithe. This measure raised the ire and opposition of the latter class, who were willing to defend their feudal privileges, even to the point of confronting the monarchy.
3. In order not to worsen their economic situation, the nobility tried to grab more positions in the state bureaucracy and also increased the exploitation of farmers working their lands, demanding greater contributions.

Summary of Pre-Revolutionary Tensions

To summarize:

1. The nation's economy was ruined.
2. The nobles consequently suffered financial difficulties.
3. The clergy did not receive the tithe from the people.
4. The bourgeoisie wanted access to public office.
5. "The farmers were