Roof Construction Principles: Insulation, Drainage, and Structural Systems

Sustainable Basis: Insulation Layers

The first layer, which supports the ongoing support layer, consists of finishing materials such as maximbrado, ceramic, or phenolic boards. These are fireproof wood panels, often treated (high-density wood core reinforced with cellulose).

Thermal Insulation

In unventilated roofs, thermal insulation plates are typically placed above the first layer (often maximbrado), fixed to each other and to the base.

Protection and Finishing

This final layer prevents water entry, providing a waterproof interior. Common finishing materials include:

• Tiles
• Slate
• Metal sheets (chapas)
• Fiber cement
• Fiberglass
• Asphalted cardboard

Water Evacuation Systems

The roof's inclination facilitates water evacuation. Without proper drainage, water could cause damage to interior facades. Gutters and downspouts collect water, directing it to the sewer system or the initial drainage point.

Roof Classification by Ventilation

Roofs can be classified based on their ventilation: cold roofs and hot roofs.

Cold Roofs

Feature a ventilated air chamber that allows continuous airflow, dissipating moisture and providing a thermal regulatory effect.

Hot Roofs

Utilize the entire roof volume for habitable space, requiring specific insulation and construction methods, particularly in colder climates.

Roof Technology by Function

By function, roof technology focuses on:

• Structural Support
• Thermal Dissipation

Unidirectional Reticular Structures

These structures feature supports calculated at specific distances, always aligned in a single direction.

Warren Beam

A type of truss designed to eliminate intermediate supports.

Large-Span Warren Girder

These structures often comprise two cantilevered sections. Their support bases are typically braced frames.

Static, Grid, and Multidirectional Roofs

Unlike the previous linear system, which is unidirectional and has a small depth relative to its length, static, grid, or multidirectional roof structures are designed differently. These structures transmit loads to their supports with greater regularity. For concentrated loads, special dimensioning is required at the point of application to ensure the most even distribution possible across all structural elements of the roof.

Tile Roof Construction

Tile roofs are constructed using ceramic pieces. They are widely used, especially in rural areas. Tiles are typically placed perpendicularly to the eaves and ridge, forming alternating rows. Special tiles are used to cover specific areas, such as preventing water entry at the roof skirts (e.g., where the roof meets a wall). At junctions, like an 'L' shaped tile encounter or hip/valley lines (moyas), special pieces such as lead bibs are installed.