Resistors, Capacitors, Inductors, and Transformers: A Comprehensive Overview

Resistors

Types of Resistors

Charged Carbon Resistors

Characteristics:

• Low stability values
• Robust mechanical and electrical properties
• Strong overload support
• Temperature coefficient: C ±100ppm
• High noise
• Tolerances above 5%

Pyrolytic Carbon Film Resistors

Characteristics:

• Very stable resistive element composed of carbon and insulation
• Reduced noise
• Widely used
• Good heat support
• Features similar to carbon composition resistors

Metal Film Resistors

Characteristics:

• Composed of Ni-Cr, Au-Pt
• Tolerance > 0.1%
• Poor heat support
• Good thermal stability
• Very sensitive to frequency and voltage variations
• High price

Potentiometers

Characteristics:

• Ohmic value
• Power dissipation
• Linearity
• Tolerance
• Angle of rotation
• Stability
• Insulation resistance
• Minimum resistance
• Temperature coefficient
• Noise
• Resolution
• Moisture resistance
• Maximum allowable voltage
• Drive torque

Thermistors

NTC Thermistors

Characteristics:

• Rated resistance R₂₅
• Maximum dissipation
• Temperature coefficient
• Constant B
• Thermal dissipation factor C
• Operating temperature range
• Nominal resistance

PTC Thermistors

Characteristics:

• Rated resistance R₂₅
• Switching temperature Ts
• Maximum stress
• Heat dissipation factor C
• Operating temperature range
• Maximum intensity
• Maximum residual intensity

Varistors (OVDR)

Characteristics:

• Rated DC voltage
• Maximum dissipation

Capacitors

Ceramic Capacitors

Type I (Tuned)

Characteristics:

• Stable
• Mixture of metal oxides and titanates
• ε < 500
• Zero voltage coefficient
• Linear temperature coefficient
• Low loss
• High isolation resistance

Type I (Bypass)

Characteristics:

• Unstable
• ε > 1000

Other Capacitor Types

• Polyester
• Styroflex
• Aluminum Electrolytic
• Tantalum Electrolytic

Inductors

Inductors are classified into high and low frequencies. Their core may be air, ferrite, or iron.

Characteristics:

• Inductive value
• Tolerance
• Quality factor Q
• Margin frequency
• Temperature coefficient

Transformers

Classification According to Transformation Ratio

• Step-up (N2 > N1)
• Step-down (N1 > N2)
• Isolation (N1 = N2)

Classification According to Phase Number

• Single-phase
• Polyphase

Classification According to Secondary Construction

• Single-sided secondary
• Multiple secondary connections
• Multiple minor secondaries

Classification According to Application

• Power
• Audio frequency
• High frequency
• Pulse
• Auto

Classification According to Electronic System

• Radio frequency
• Chassis
• Integrated circuits (IC)
• Toroidal

Major Characteristics

• Rated power (VA)
• Nominal input voltage
• Rated input current
• Output voltage
• Maximum output current
• Transformation ratio
• DC resistance (R_DC)
• DC voltage (V_DC)
• Voltage drop
• Performance