The Repeal of the Corn Laws and the Rise of Free Trade in Britain

The Rise of Free Trade in 19th Century Britain

Early Calls for Free Trade

By the end of the 18th century, artificial trade barriers like tariffs and prohibitions had lessened considerably, even disappearing altogether. However, a resurgence of protectionism in the early 19th century led to higher import tariffs in several countries. In 1820, a group of London merchants petitioned Parliament for free international trade, signaling a shift in public opinion.

The Corn Laws and the Tory Government

Concurrently, a group of younger politicians focused on modernizing government procedures rose within the Tory party. Among them was Robert Peel. The Corn Laws, tariffs on imported grain, were the centerpiece of the UK's protectionist system. Despite growing urbanization and a rising population that challenged food self-sufficiency, Parliament resisted changing these laws.

The Anti-Corn Law League and Public Opinion

After several failed attempts to repeal or amend the Corn Laws, Manchester manufacturer Richard Cobden formed the Anti-Corn Law League in 1839. The League launched a powerful campaign that significantly influenced public opinion.

Political Maneuvering and the Potato Blight

In 1841, the ruling Whig government proposed tariff reductions on wheat and sugar. When these measures were rejected, a general election followed. The Whigs campaigned on reducing tariffs, while the Tories advocated maintaining the status quo. Some measures were implemented, and the government imposed a reduction in the Corn Laws. Then, in 1845, the potato blight devastated Ireland, leading to widespread famine. Prompted by this crisis, Peel introduced a bill to repeal the Corn Laws, which passed in January 1846.

The Aftermath of Repeal

The repeal of the Corn Laws shaped the modern British political system. The Whigs became the party of free trade and manufacturing, while the Tories (Conservatives) became associated with landowners and, eventually, imperialism. Parliament subsequently nullified much of the old mercantilist legislation. During the 1850s and 1860s, Britain established an unconditional free trade policy. Most tariffs were eliminated entirely, and where they remained, rates were reduced. The resulting increase in total trade generated greater revenue than in 1842.