Renal and Digestive Physiology: Cellular Processes and Regulation

1. Inorganic Chemical Compounds in Cellular Reactions

Electrolytes are inorganic chemical compounds necessary for cellular reactions.

2. Collecting Tube Reabsorption

Chloride reabsorption in the collecting tube: 1%

3. Urinary Potassium Excretion

Urinary excretion of potassium: 15%

4. Medullary Osmotic Gradient

The countercurrent multiplier mechanism in the loop of Henle creates the medullary osmotic gradient.

5. Urine Acidification

Urine acidification occurs in the collecting tube.

6. Hormonal Control of Blood Pressure

Renin converts angiotensin I in the hormonal control of blood pressure.

7. Glomerular Filtration

Capillary hydrostatic and colloid osmotic pressures determine glomerular filtration volume.

8. Smooth Muscle in Digestive Tract

Longitudinal and circular smooth muscle fibers of the digestive tract are electrically connected by intercellular junctions.

9. Gastrointestinal Contractions

The rate of gastrointestinal contractions is determined by fast waves of muscle membrane potential.

10. Auerbach Plexus Stimulation

Auerbach plexus stimulation increases smooth muscle tone and frequency of contractions.

11. Norepinephrine's Effect on Gastrointestinal Tract

Norepinephrine inhibits neurons in the enteric nervous system.

12. Gastrointestinal Blood Flow

Gastrointestinal blood flow is directly proportional to the level of local activity.

13. Neurohypophysial Hormones

Two neurohypophysial hormones are oxytocin and antidiuretic hormone.

14. Folic Acid and Vitamin B12 Deficiency

Folic acid and vitamin B12 deficiency can cause macrocytes in the blood.

15. Palatopharyngeal Folds

Palatopharyngeal folds prevent the passage of objects into the posterior pharynx during swallowing.

16. Water Transport Across Cell Membrane

Half of the water used for transport across the cell membrane is provided by the cell itself.

17. Oxyntic Cell Secretions

Oxyntic cells secrete intrinsic factor and acid.

18. Bile Functions

Bile functions in fat absorption and waste excretion.

19. Countertransport

Countertransport is a form of secondary active transport.

20. Steroid Hormone Synthesis

Steroid hormones are synthesized from cholesterol.

21. Axon Depolarization

When the membrane becomes permeable to sodium and sodium enters the axon, it is called depolarization.

22. Catecholamine Receptor Interaction

Catecholamine interaction with receptors produces a second messenger.

23. All-or-None Principle

The all-or-none principle states that a membrane is not partially depolarized.

24. Iron in the Body

The amount of iron in the body is 4-5 grams.

25. Action Potential Termination

Action potentials end with potassium channel closing.

26. B Lymphocyte Preprocessing

B lymphocytes are preprocessed in the bone marrow.

27. Renal Tubule Secretion

Transport of substances from the blood into the renal tubule is called secretion.

28. Muscle Fiber Bands

Clear bands of muscle fibers are formed by actin.

29. Afferent Arteriole Filtration

20% of plasma in the afferent arterioles passes through the glomerular filters.

30. Glomerular Filtration Rate

The daily glomerular filtration rate is approximately 140-180 L.

31. Vitamin D Activation

Vitamin D activation occurs in the proximal convoluted tubule.

32. Solute Movement Across Membranes

Solutes tend to move across a membrane by diffusion.

33. Extracellular Fluid Osmolarity

Normal extracellular fluid osmolarity is 298 mOsm/L.

34. Kidney Hormone

Erythropoietin is a hormone produced by the kidney.

35. Peritubular Capillaries

Peritubular capillaries arise from the efferent arteriole, which has a smaller diameter than the afferent arteriole.

37. Glomerular Filtration

During glomerular filtration, plasma passes from the capillaries into Bowman's capsule.

38. Skeletal Muscle Potential

Skeletal muscle action potential lasts 1 to 5 milliseconds.

39. Proximal Convoluted Tubule

Sodium reabsorption into the blood occurs in the proximal convoluted tubule.