The Renaissance and Reformation: A Time of Change and Upheaval
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The Rise of Cities and the Economy
Major epidemics disappeared, leading to population growth and increased demand for land cultivation. This agricultural surplus, coupled with improvements in shipping, fueled trade, manufacturing, and the growth of cities and ports. Economic power shifted towards activities like trade, manufacturing, and banking, leading to the emergence of the first capitalist companies.
Strengthening of Monarchy
During the 15th century, monarchs began to reclaim power from the feudal nobility, who had amassed significant influence during the Middle Ages.
Humanism: A Cultural Revolution
Humanism emerged as a cultural revolution, placing human beings at the center of creation. It emphasized:
- Humans as free beings capable of rational thought.
- Rediscovery of classical Greek art, culture, and scientific writings.
The Printing Press: A Catalyst for Change
Gutenberg's invention of the printing press in 1455 proved essential for spreading humanist ideas. It also played a crucial role in the Protestant Reformation.
Ideals Promoted by Humanists
- The "new man"
- Rediscovery of antiquity
- Freedom and reason
- Human progress
- Scientific interest
- Proportions of the human body
- Education
The Protestant Reformation
The Protestant Reformation was a movement of Christians who disagreed with certain teachings and practices of the Catholic Church. It gained momentum across Europe after Martin Luther published his Ninety-five Theses on indulgences.
Catholicism vs. Protestantism
| Feature | Catholicism | Protestantism |
|---|---|---|
| Doctrine | Salvation through faith, seven sacraments, veneration of the Virgin Mary | Salvation through faith (Lutherans) and predestination (Calvinists), two sacraments, no veneration of the Virgin Mary |
| Worship | Mass as the central act of worship, Bible read by the priest, churches adorned with altars and images for veneration, numerous religious orders | Simple ceremonies in the vernacular language, faithful read the Bible and sing, no religious images, pastors can marry |
| Church Structure | Pope as the head of the Church, hierarchical structure | No allegiance to the Pope, no hierarchical structure |
The Council of Trent and the Inquisition
Council of Trent
The Council of Trent was convened to address the challenges posed by the Protestant Reformation. It condemned Protestant teachings it deemed heretical and clarified Catholic doctrine.
Inquisition Tribunal
The Inquisition was an ecclesiastical court established to persecute and punish individuals who deviated from the doctrines of the Catholic Church.