The Renaissance: Art, Humanism, and Scientific Revolution
Classified in Music
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1. Humanism
- Philosophical and cultural movement
- Emerged in Europe during the 15th and 16th centuries
- Emphasized an anthropocentric viewpoint, reason, experience, and curiosity
- Drew inspiration from Antiquity and promoted the use of modern languages
2. The Spread of Humanism
- Gutenberg's invention of the printing press in 1440 facilitated the spread of knowledge
- Academies served as cultural centers, fostering intellectual exchange
- Universities played a crucial role in promoting classical culture
- Humanist scholars traveled extensively, exchanging ideas and fostering collaboration
3. Science
- Scientists conducted experiments to test and validate their theories
- Astronomy, medicine, and physics emerged as prominent branches of scientific inquiry
- Geographical discoveries led to advancements in cartography, botany, and zoology
4. Renaissance Art
- Focused on the human being as its primary subject
- Drew inspiration from classical Greek and Roman art
- Strove for harmony, proportion, and balance in artistic compositions
- Developed in two main stages: Quattrocento (15th century, Florence) and Cinquecento (16th century, Rome)
5. Patrons and Artists
- Wealthy noblemen and merchants (patrons) played a vital role in supporting artists and their work. Notable patrons included the Medici in Florence, the Sforza in Milan, the Gonzaga in Mantua, and the Popes in Rome.
- Artists gained recognition and were no longer considered anonymous craftsmen. They began signing their works and attained a higher social standing.
6. Architecture
- Encompassed both religious and civil buildings
- Prioritized human needs and functionality
- Emphasized symmetry, proportion, and classical features such as rounded arches, pediments, barrel vaulting, domes, and columns
7. Sculpture
- Inspired by classical forms, sculptures depicted the human body with realism and idealism
- Nude sculptures celebrated the beauty, proportion, and anatomical accuracy of the human form
- Portraits and equestrian statues gained prominence
8. Painting
- Utilized linear perspective to create depth and realism
- Employed chiaroscuro (light and shadow) to depict volume and three-dimensionality
- Subjects included religious scenes infused with human emotion, portraits, landscapes, and classical mythology
9. Renaissance in Spain
- Flourished in the 16th century
- Architecture featured three main styles: Plateresque (abundant decoration), Classicist (harmony and balance), and Herrerian (sobriety and lack of decoration)
- Sculpture primarily focused on religious themes
- El Greco emerged as a prominent painter, known for his distinctive style
10. Reformation and Counter-Reformation
Movement | Lutheran Reformation | Calvinism | Anglicanism | Council of Trent |
---|---|---|---|---|
Reasons | Martin Luther challenged papal authority and criticized corruption within the Catholic Church. His followers, excommunicated by the Pope, formed the Lutheran Church. | John Calvin's interpretation of the Bible led to the establishment of a new church based on predestination. | King Henry VIII's desire for a divorce, denied by the Pope, resulted in the English Reformation and the establishment of the Church of England. | Aimed to address corruption and reaffirm Catholic doctrine in response to the Protestant Reformation. |
Leader | Martin Luther | John Calvin | King Henry VIII | The Pope |
Location | Germany, Scandinavia, Netherlands | Switzerland, Low Countries, parts of France and Scotland | England | Italy |
Main Ideas | Salvation through faith alone, direct access to God through prayer, emphasis on the Bible as the sole authority, recognition of only Baptism and Eucharist as sacraments. | Predestination (God's preordained plan for salvation and damnation), emphasis on God's sovereignty. | Initially similar to Catholicism, but later incorporated some Protestant influences. The monarch became the head of the Church. | Reaffirmed papal authority, traditional doctrines (seven sacraments, veneration of saints, salvation through faith and good works). |