The Renaissance: Art, Humanism, and Scientific Revolution

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1. Humanism

  • Philosophical and cultural movement
  • Emerged in Europe during the 15th and 16th centuries
  • Emphasized an anthropocentric viewpoint, reason, experience, and curiosity
  • Drew inspiration from Antiquity and promoted the use of modern languages

2. The Spread of Humanism

  • Gutenberg's invention of the printing press in 1440 facilitated the spread of knowledge
  • Academies served as cultural centers, fostering intellectual exchange
  • Universities played a crucial role in promoting classical culture
  • Humanist scholars traveled extensively, exchanging ideas and fostering collaboration

3. Science

  • Scientists conducted experiments to test and validate their theories
  • Astronomy, medicine, and physics emerged as prominent branches of scientific inquiry
  • Geographical discoveries led to advancements in cartography, botany, and zoology

4. Renaissance Art

  • Focused on the human being as its primary subject
  • Drew inspiration from classical Greek and Roman art
  • Strove for harmony, proportion, and balance in artistic compositions
  • Developed in two main stages: Quattrocento (15th century, Florence) and Cinquecento (16th century, Rome)

5. Patrons and Artists

  • Wealthy noblemen and merchants (patrons) played a vital role in supporting artists and their work. Notable patrons included the Medici in Florence, the Sforza in Milan, the Gonzaga in Mantua, and the Popes in Rome.
  • Artists gained recognition and were no longer considered anonymous craftsmen. They began signing their works and attained a higher social standing.

6. Architecture

  • Encompassed both religious and civil buildings
  • Prioritized human needs and functionality
  • Emphasized symmetry, proportion, and classical features such as rounded arches, pediments, barrel vaulting, domes, and columns

7. Sculpture

  • Inspired by classical forms, sculptures depicted the human body with realism and idealism
  • Nude sculptures celebrated the beauty, proportion, and anatomical accuracy of the human form
  • Portraits and equestrian statues gained prominence

8. Painting

  • Utilized linear perspective to create depth and realism
  • Employed chiaroscuro (light and shadow) to depict volume and three-dimensionality
  • Subjects included religious scenes infused with human emotion, portraits, landscapes, and classical mythology

9. Renaissance in Spain

  • Flourished in the 16th century
  • Architecture featured three main styles: Plateresque (abundant decoration), Classicist (harmony and balance), and Herrerian (sobriety and lack of decoration)
  • Sculpture primarily focused on religious themes
  • El Greco emerged as a prominent painter, known for his distinctive style

10. Reformation and Counter-Reformation

MovementLutheran ReformationCalvinismAnglicanismCouncil of Trent
ReasonsMartin Luther challenged papal authority and criticized corruption within the Catholic Church. His followers, excommunicated by the Pope, formed the Lutheran Church.John Calvin's interpretation of the Bible led to the establishment of a new church based on predestination.King Henry VIII's desire for a divorce, denied by the Pope, resulted in the English Reformation and the establishment of the Church of England.Aimed to address corruption and reaffirm Catholic doctrine in response to the Protestant Reformation.
LeaderMartin LutherJohn CalvinKing Henry VIIIThe Pope
LocationGermany, Scandinavia, NetherlandsSwitzerland, Low Countries, parts of France and ScotlandEnglandItaly
Main IdeasSalvation through faith alone, direct access to God through prayer, emphasis on the Bible as the sole authority, recognition of only Baptism and Eucharist as sacraments.Predestination (God's preordained plan for salvation and damnation), emphasis on God's sovereignty.Initially similar to Catholicism, but later incorporated some Protestant influences. The monarch became the head of the Church.Reaffirmed papal authority, traditional doctrines (seven sacraments, veneration of saints, salvation through faith and good works).

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