Puberty, Reproduction, and Human Development

Puberty: Hormonal Changes

Boys: Sperm production, increased bone thickness and muscle mass, voice deepening, beard growth, and the appearance of pubic and axillary hair.

Girls: First menstruation, breast growth, widened hips, and the appearance of pubic and axillary hair.

Female Reproductive System

Ovaries, Fallopian tubes, uterus, vagina, clitoris, labia majora, and labia minora.

Male Reproductive System

Testes, prostate, urethra, epididymis, vas deferens, seminal vesicles, penis, and scrotum.

Key Definitions in Human Development

• Embryo: The second phase of zygote development occurs when it attaches to the endometrium.
• Fetus: The third stage of embryonic development, starting in the second trimester.
• Nidation: The moment when the zygote attaches to the endometrium and begins to form the placenta.
• Amniotic Sac: A fluid-filled sac containing amniotic fluid, which surrounds the embryo.
• Umbilical Cord: A conduit that connects the embryo to the mother.

Reproductive Organs and Functions

• Testicles: Produce sperm.
• Vulva/Vagina: Provide protection.
• Uterus: The place where pregnancy occurs.
• Prostate: Produces prostatic fluid to protect sperm.
• Penis: Allows for insemination inside the vagina.
• Vagina: Enables communication with the exterior of the uterus.
• Fallopian Tubes: Ducts that connect each ovary to the uterus.

Sperm -> Testicles

Semen -> Liquid-prostate > Prostate

Seminal Fluid -> Vesicles

Childbirth

Stages: Dilation, expulsion, and delivery.

Childbirth Complications

• Baby's incorrect position.
• Insufficient dilation of the cervix and vagina.
• Umbilical cord clamping.

Sterility and Infertility

Sterility is the inability to have children.

Artificial Insemination (AI): Used when infertility is due to the sperm's inability to fertilize an egg.

In Vitro Fertilization (IVF): Primarily used when women have problems with ovulation or embryo implantation.

Contraceptive Methods

• Natural: Ogino method, basal body temperature, observation of cervical mucus.
• Barrier: Female and male condoms, diaphragm, IUD.
• Chemical: Spermicides, contraceptive pills.
• Surgical: Ligation of Fallopian tubes, vasectomy.