Project Management and Evaluation Fundamentals: Key Concepts and Definitions

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Core Concepts in Project Management and Evaluation

1. Key Project Cycle Management Stages

  • Initiation
  • Planning
  • Execution
  • Closure

2. Four Main Analyses in the Logical Framework Approach (LFA)

  1. Analysis of Problems
  2. Analysis of Stakeholders
  3. Analysis of Objectives
  4. Analysis of Strategies

3. Causes of Insufficient Access to Safe Water

  • Lack of safe water infrastructure in rural areas.
  • Contaminated water sources and lack of basic sanitation facilities.
  • Excessive consumption in some households.

4. The 5 Whys Technique

a) Why use the 5 Whys? To identify and recognize root causes.

b) What is the key "Why" question? Why does this happen?

5. Difference Between Stakeholders and Target Groups

  • Stakeholders: Refers to all individuals, groups, or organizations who are affected by or can affect the activities and decisions of a project or company.
  • Target Groups: Are those specific individuals or groups who benefit directly from the decisions or outcomes of a project or company.

6. Meaning of the Acronym SWOT

  • Strengths
  • Weaknesses
  • Opportunities
  • Threats

7. Definition of the Term Assumption

An assumption is anything you believe to be true, but for which there is no guarantee or certainty. Assumptions often relate to external factors such as human resources, budget availability, time constraints, or specific project functions.

8. Differences Between Theory of Change (ToC) and Logical Framework Matrix (Logframe)

Theory of Change (ToC)
  • Provides the big picture, including issues related to the environment or context that are outside of direct control.
  • Describes how and why change is expected to happen.
  • Shows all different pathways that might lead to change, even if those pathways are not directly related to the program.
Logical Framework Matrix (Logframe)
  • Provides a detailed description of the program, showing how activities lead to immediate outputs, and how these lead to outcomes and the overall goal.
  • Is typically shown as a matrix (the logframe) or sometimes as a flow chart (a logic model).
  • Is primarily used as a tool for monitoring and management.
  • Includes space for risks and assumptions (often basic), but generally does not include evidence for the causal links between steps.

9. Logframe Component: "Constructed School"

A constructed school is classified as an Output.

10. Meaning of the Acronym SMART

  • Specific
  • Measurable
  • Achievable
  • Relevant
  • Time-bound

11. Proposed Actions/Indicators for Improved Hygiene Behavior

The following actions are proposed to promote improved hygiene behavior:

  • Promote behavioral changes in the community to improve environmental conditions and reduce factors affecting health.
  • Encourage community participation in carrying out basic Environmental Sanitation actions through training and educational communication.

12. Five Main Evaluation Criteria of OECD DAC

  1. Relevance
  2. Effectiveness
  3. Efficiency
  4. Impact
  5. Sustainability

13. Proposed Activities for Increasing Agricultural Production Diversification

  • Expansion of cultivation areas.
  • Crop intensification.
  • Provision of irrigation and drainage infrastructure.
  • Introduction of new crops and other more profitable agricultural activities.

14. Four Basic Evaluation Approaches (According to Timing)

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15. Three Types of Evaluation Questions

  1. Descriptive
  2. Normative
  3. Cause-Effect

16. Three Basic Evaluation Designs

  1. Experimental
  2. Quasi-experimental
  3. Non-experimental

17. Examples of Evaluation Question Types

  • Descriptive Questions:
    • Where has the program been implemented?
    • Who received what services?
  • Normative Questions:
    • Did we spend as much as we had budgeted?
    • Was the budget spent efficiently?
  • Cause-Effect Questions:
    • Did the microenterprise program reduce the poverty rates in the townships in which they operated?
    • Did the increased tax on gasoline improve air quality?

18. Explanation of Random Sampling

Random sampling is a technique where all individuals in the target population have a positive and equal probability of being selected as part of the sample.

19. Minimum Sample Size Calculation

For a population of 300 people, to reach a 95% confidence level and a 5% margin of error, the minimum sample size required is 170. (Source: http://www.raosoft.com/samplesize.html)

20. Sampling Strategy for Assessing Specialty of Results in a Specific Region

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21. Sampling Strategy for Determining Full Demographic Characteristics of Hospital Visitors

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22. Data Collection Methods for Obtaining Target Group Opinions

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23. Main Possibilities of Triangulation (Methods)

  1. Case Studies
  2. Focus Groups
  3. Experiments

24. Statistical Term for the Most Frequent Response

The response given most often is called the Mode.

25. Analysis Type for "Why Do Participants Drop Out Early?"

Mixed analysis (combining qualitative and quantitative methods).

26. Analysis Type for "What Are the Mean Scores of Participants?"

Quantitative analysis.

27. When Should a Communication Strategy Be Developed?

A communication strategy should be developed with the draft final report (or earlier, depending on context).

28. Reflection: Most Valuable Experience Learned During the Course

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Tags:
Logical Framework Approach SWOT Analysis OECD DAC Logframe Data Analysis Theory of Change Sampling Methods Project Cycle Management Evaluation Criteria LFA Root Cause Analysis