Principles of Flight
Classified in Geology
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1. What are non-human and human sources of dust emission?
Non-human sources: Deserts, dry lakebeds, coastal regions with loose sediment, wildfires, and sparse vegetation areas
Human sources: Deforestation, water diversion, industrial processes, and vehicle traffic on unpaved roads
2. What is the sound level which causes pain for the majority of society?
120 - 140 dB, limit of pain
3. How can the noise be controlled?
Barriers, berms, berm and wall, personal protection, wall
4. How does light pollution reduction contribute to environmental protection directly and indirectly?
Directly, it decreases energy consumption by reducing unnecessary and excessive artificial lighting, lowering greenhouse gas emissions from power plants.
Indirectly, it improves human health and well-being by reducing sleep disorders and stress caused by excessive artificial light.
5. Briefly describe the influence of coal power plant operation on:
a. Hydrosphere: It contaminates water bodies through discharge of coal ash and other pollutants, causing water quality deterioration and harming aquatic life.
b. Atmosphere: Coal burning emits sulfur dioxide, nitrogen oxide, and many particles, contributing to acid rain, smog, respiratory diseases, and climate change.
6. Define pollution. Enumerate 4 types of pollution.
Pollution is an introduction of contaminants into a natural environment that causes instability, disorder, harm or discomfort to ecosystems including physical systems and living organisms.
Types: Air pollution, water pollution, soil pollution, noise pollution.
7. Which pollutants may contribute to acid rain? What are their main sources?
SO2 and NOx. The primary sources of these pollutants are the burning of fossil fuel in power plants, industrial facilities, and vehicle emissions.
8. Enumerate main categories of light pollution.
Light trespass, over-illumination, glare, and skyglow.
9. What are sources of SO2 emissions natural and artificial?
Natural: Volcanic eruptions, geothermal activity, and wildfires
Artificial: Burning fossil fuels
10. What are manmade sources of NOx emission?
Transportation, power plants burning fossil fuels, residential heating, and some industrial processes
11. What is the mechanism of the greenhouse effect?
Greenhouse gases in the atmosphere absorb infrared radiation emitted by Earth's surface, trapping heat and warming the planet.
12. What is the mechanism of ozone layer degradation?
CFCs and similar substances release chlorine and bromine atoms in the stratosphere, and that thin the protective ozone layer that blocks harmful UV radiation.
13. How do we know the climate is changing?
Global temperature records show a steady increase, melting glaciers and ice caps, rising sea levels, and rare weather events.
14. Describe the mechanism of water vapor feedback in terms of global warming.
As global temperatures rise due to greenhouse gases, more water evaporates into the atmosphere. This amplifies warming in a positive feedback loop, increasing global temperatures.
15. When can an energy source be treated as renewable?
An energy source is considered renewable if it is naturally replenished on a human timescale, such as solar, wind, hydro, geothermal, and biomass.
16. Briefly describe principles of operation of concentrated solar power physical phenomena.
CSP uses mirrors to focus sunlight into a small area, converting solar radiation into heat. This heat drives a steam turbine or heat engine to generate electricity.
17. How can solar energy be used? Enumerate technologies.
Photovoltaic panels, solar towers, solar water heaters.
18. Enumerate advantages and disadvantages of hydropower.
Advantages: Renewable, reliable, low emissions, energy storage with reservoirs.
Disadvantages: Ecological impact on rivers, displacement of communities, high initial cost, dependency on rainfall.
19. Is wave power a significant source of electricity in actual energy systems? Why?
It's an emerging but still minor contributor to global electricity due to high costs, technological challenges, and site limitations.
20. In which regions in the world is geothermal energy use popular? Why?
Popular in volcanic and tectonically active areas like Iceland, Philippines, Indonesia, and parts of the US due to accessible geothermal reservoirs.
21. What is thermal pollution of water?
Discharge of heated water from industrial processes or power plants raises the temperature of natural water bodies, disrupting aquatic ecosystems.
22. Specify organic pollutants of water, at least 3.
Pesticides, pharmaceuticals, and industrial solvents.