Principles of Classical Management Theory: Taylorism & Fayol's 14 Principles

Classical Management Theory

Frederick Taylor's Scientific Management

Key Principles of Taylorism:

• Scientific Study of Work: Tasks should be scientifically studied to identify the most efficient methods for performing them. This involves breaking down complex tasks into smaller, simpler steps and analyzing each step.
• Division of Labor: Dividing work between management and workers. Managers are responsible for the planning and scientific analysis of work processes, while workers are tasked with executing the standardized methods.
• Standardization of Tools and Techniques: Taylor emphasized the use of standardized tools and techniques to minimize variability and optimize efficiency.
• Time and Motion Studies: Taylor conducted time and motion studies to measure the time required for each task and identify ways to eliminate unnecessary movements and improve efficiency.
• Incentives and Motivation: Workers could be motivated by providing financial incentives based on their performance. Workers would receive higher pay for higher levels of productivity.

Taylor's model aimed to improve productivity, reduce waste, and increase profits by applying scientific principles to the management of work. However, it has been criticized for its mechanistic approach and potential to devalue the human element of work.

Henri Fayol's Administrative Management

Fayol's 14 Principles of Management:

1. Division of Work (Specialization): Dividing the components of the organization into departments and sections to promote specialization and efficiency.
2. Authority/Responsibility: Managers must have the authority to give orders and be held accountable for their decisions.
3. Discipline: Employees must obey and respect the established rules and regulations, with consequences for violations.
4. Unity of Command: Each employee should receive orders from only one direct supervisor to avoid confusion and conflicting instructions.
5. Unity of Direction: All efforts within a department or team should be aligned towards a common goal.
6. Subordination of Individual Interests to General Interests: Personal goals should not take priority over the overall objectives of the organization.
7. Remuneration: Employees should receive fair and equitable wages for their work.
8. Centralization: Finding the optimal balance of decision-making authority between top management and lower levels of the organization.
9. Hierarchy (Scalar Chain): Establishing a clear chain of command from top to bottom, facilitating communication and accountability.
10. Order: Ensuring that people and materials are in the right place at the right time to optimize efficiency and minimize delays.
11. Equity: Treating all employees fairly and impartially, fostering a sense of justice and respect within the organization.
12. Stability of Tenure of Personnel: Minimizing employee turnover and ensuring that replacements are available to fill vacancies through effective personnel planning.
13. Initiative: Encouraging employees to take initiative and contribute their ideas, fostering innovation and engagement.
14. Esprit de Corps: Promoting teamwork, collaboration, and a positive work environment to enhance morale and productivity.