Principles of Behavioral Learning: Conditioning and Social Modeling

The Behavioral Model of Learning

Definition of Learning (Kimble, 1971)

A more or less permanent change in behavior (or potential) produced by practice or experience.

• Note: Behavioral changes are not always due to practice or experience.
• Human learning tends to occur as a result of successful or adverse experiences.

Key Concepts in Behavioral Learning

• Law of Effect (Thorndike, 1874-1949)

  Behaviors that are followed by positive outcomes are strengthened, and those followed by negative consequences tend to weaken or disappear.

• Termination or Non-Reinforcement (Extinction)

  Responses that are not reinforced reduce the probability of being repeated (e.g., ignoring those who shout the answer without raising their hand).

• Molding (Shaping)

  Teaching a complex behavior by rewarding successive approximations to the desired behavior (e.g., learning to read).

• Generalization

  Giving the same response to similar stimuli (e.g., if a person has hematophobia, all red liquids might trigger anxiety).

• Discrimination

  Differentiating between stimuli or environmental events (e.g., recognizing cherry juice does not cause anxiety).

• Spontaneous Recovery

  The resurgence of an extinguished response after a rest period.

Reinforcement and Punishment

These mechanisms are defined by their functional value (whether they increase or decrease the likelihood of a behavior).

• Positive Reinforcement (Reward)

  The application of a positive stimulus contingent on the subject's response that increases its likelihood of future occurrence. Reinforcers can be material or social. Example: Studying leads to good grades, increasing the likelihood of continued studying.

• Negative Reinforcement (Escape/Avoidance)

  The withdrawal of an aversive stimulus contingent on a behavior, which increases the likelihood of future occurrence of that behavior. Example: Taking medication removes pain, increasing the likelihood of taking medication next time pain occurs.

• Positive Punishment

  The presentation or application of a negative stimulus contingent on the completion of a behavior, lessening the likelihood of such conduct in the future. Example: Excessive speed leads to a fine, resulting in slower driving.

• Negative Punishment (Response Cost)

  The withdrawal of a positive reinforcer or stimulus contingent on a particular response, decreasing the likelihood of it. Example: If a person is rude during a conversation, the other person may withdraw their attention, decreasing the likelihood of future rudeness.

Reinforcement Schedules

Reinforcement schedules regulate the frequency and timing of strengthening a desirable behavior.

• Variable (intermittent) reinforcement produces learning that is more robust and lasts longer than continuous reinforcement.

6. Observational Learning (Social Learning Theory)

Social Learning Theory argues that we learn not only from direct experience but also by observing others or through indications they provide.

This involves the acquisition of information, concepts, or forms of behavior through exposure to others and the consequences of their actions. Vicarious learning stresses the importance of models in our lives.

Stages of Observational Learning

1. Acquisition
2. Retention
3. Implementation (Performance)

Role of Reinforcement

Reinforcement is not responsible for the acquisition of learning, but it influences whether the learning is manifested or expressed.

Learning is not always expressed immediately:

• Some learning lies dormant in memory.
• Others are expressed only at the right time.
• Others may never be translated into behavior.

Possible Outcomes of Observational Learning

• Acquisition of new behavioral patterns.
• Behavioral strengthening.
• Inhibiting imitative behavior (learning not to perform a behavior).
• Correction of behavioral deficits.

Advantages and Disadvantages of Observational Learning

Advantages:

• Allows avoidance of exposure to dangerous situations.
• Facilitates learning an entire behavioral pattern, avoiding trial and error.

Disadvantages:

• The consequences observed may differ between individuals.
• Prevents the subject from living their own experiences.