Precision Analytical Applications with Metola Electrode Technology

Metola Analytical Applications and Advantages

Elective electrodes offer diverse applications across various sectors:

• Environmental Monitoring

  Monitoring of earth, air, and water quality.

• Biotechnology

  Applications in fish farms, marine environments, and hydroponics.

• Food and Beverages

  Analysis of milk, sauces, beverages, meats, preserves, and more.

• Pharmacy and Cosmetics

  Quality control for cosmetics, gels, shampoos, creams, deodorants, etc.

General Petrochemical and Chemical Analysis

Metola electrodes enable precise measurements for a wide range of parameters:

• Direct Concentration Measurements

  • Anions and cations: Ammonium, ammonia in seawater and sewage; cyanates and cyanides in water and sewage; chlorine and chloride in wastewater, drinking water, and seawater; copper in natural waters; chlorides in rainwater and beverages; mercury and nickel in water; nitrate nitrogen as nitrates; sulfates and sulfites.

• Direct Dissolved Gas Measurements

  • Ammonia, carbon dioxide (CO2), oxygen (O2), etc.

• Other Key Parameters

  • Acidity and alkalinity in water.
  • Calcium in water.
  • pH in water, sludge, and suspensions.
  • Proteins in water.

Key Advantages of Metola Electrode Technology

Metola's analytical solutions offer significant benefits:

• Simple Operation: Easy technical steps and user-friendly equipment.
• Cost-Effective: Economical solutions with high potential.
• Rapid Tests: Results available in minutes.
• Small Sample Size: Requires minimal sample volume.
• No Sample Preparation: Eliminates the need for complex sample treatment.
• High Sensitivity: Achieves detection limits in parts per billion (ppb).
• Color Independence: Measurements are unaffected by the color of the solution.
• Interference-Free: Designed to be free from interferences or with easily removable ones.
• Continuous Monitoring: Capable of real-time, continuous operation.
• Excellent Repeatability: Ensures consistent and reliable results.

Conductivity Measurement Principles

Conductivity is a technique based on measuring variations in absolute conductivity during a titration. To track conductive values, it is necessary to know the absolute concentrations. It is generally sufficient to graphically represent the inverse of resistance as a function of the volume of reagent added.

The accuracy of the titration depends on the relative change in the solution's conductivity during the titration and after the addition of excess reagent. Conductivity titration offers advantages over potentiometric or amperometric methods, as it can be employed for relatively dilute solutions, as well as for concentrated, colored, or colorless solutions.

Conductance and Conductivity: Defining Terms

Measures of resistance or conductance acquire different names depending on whether they refer to metal conductors or electrolytes.

• Resistance and Conductance

  • For metal conductors: Resistance
  • For electrolytes: Conductance

• Specific Conductivity

  Specific conductivity is the reciprocal of resistivity.

• Molar Conductivity

  Molar conductivity is the ratio of specific conductivity to the molar concentration of the solution.

• Equivalent Conductivity

  Equivalent conductivity is the ratio of specific conductivity to the normal concentration. The equivalent conductivity of an electrolyte is not a constant magnitude, as it decreases with increasing concentration. Conversely, it increases if the solution is diluted and tends towards a limiting value characteristic of the substance, represented by Λ₀ at infinite dilution. From the equivalent conductivity and the limiting equivalent conductivity, we can determine the degree of ionization of the electrolyte.