Political Systems of the Ancient Greek Polis

Ancient Greek Polis: Political Systems and Institutions

Birth of the Polis

Between the 8th and 6th centuries BC, in Hellas, people sought to live with equal rights within a community, leading to the emergence of the polis. The polis, also known as a city-state, possessed political and economic self-sufficiency within a limited territory. Major influential poleis included Athens, Sparta, Thebes, and Corinth.

Forms of Government in the Polis

Athens experienced various forms of government throughout its history:

• Aristocratic Oligarchy: Political power was held by a few aristocratic families who owned large estates.
• Tyranny: A form of government led by a single individual, often an aristocrat, who seized power through false promises or force.
• Democracy: Also known as 'people's government,' power resided in an assembly of citizens. This system emerged in Athens in the 6th century BC and is considered one of humanity's greatest contributions. Under the leadership of Pericles (c. 495–429 BC), Athenian democracy flourished, characterized by features such as officials chosen by lot and payment for public service.

In Sparta, the dominant form of government was an aristocratic oligarchy, characterized by the rule of two kings simultaneously.

Governing Bodies and Magistrates in Athens

During the era of democracy, the following institutions were open to all citizens:

• The Ecclesia (Assembly): Composed of citizens over 20 years of age, it appointed magistrates, controlled the judiciary, passed laws, and decided on matters of war and peace.
• The Boule (Council of 500): Consisted of 500 citizens over 30 years old, chosen by lot. They prepared legislation and supervised the work of magistrates.
• The Council of the Prytaneis: A rotating executive committee of the Boule, responsible for daily administration and urgent decisions.
• The Heliaia (People's Court): The main judicial body, with jurors chosen by lot annually.

Key Athenian Magistrates:

• Archons: Nine chief magistrates who held executive and judicial powers. They were chosen by lot annually by the Ecclesia.
• Strategoi (Generals): Ten generals elected by the Ecclesia for an indefinite period (by show of hands, not lot).