Political Modernization in Spain: Maura and Canalejas Era

Maura's Conservative Government (1907-1909)

The government led by Antonio Maura aimed for a 'revolution from above,' seeking to regenerate the political system with the support of the 'neutral masses.' Maura intended to establish a strong state, curb the power of old political bosses (caciques), and prevent the excessive influence of the wealthy classes.

• Electoral Reform (1907): While not eliminating corruption, it made electoral fraud more difficult.
• Social Policy Initiatives: Creation of the National Insurance Institute and the Sunday Rest Law.
• Executive Independence: Sought greater independence from the Crown.
• Catalan Integration: Attempted to integrate Catalan reformists by granting more autonomy to local governments and recognizing regions (draft of Social Administration Reform).

Canalejas' Liberal Government (1910-1912)

José Canalejas' government focused on modernizing political life, attracting popular support through social reforms, and limiting the Church's power. He aimed to amend Church financing and deepen the separation of church and state.

• Church Reform: The County Law (1910) aimed to curb the influence of religious orders.
• Social Reforms:
  • Replaced consumption tax with a progressive income tax.
  • Amended the recruitment law, making it compulsory during wartime and eliminating cash redemption.
  • Improved working conditions, including legislation on women's work.
• Catalan Rapprochement: Continued efforts to integrate Catalan nationalists, drafting the Associations Law, which was passed in 1914 after Canalejas' assassination in 1912.