Plumbing Drainage and Heating System Fundamentals

Water Seals

Purpose: To prevent foul odors from sanitation pipes while allowing easy passage of water carrying suspended solids.

Types:

• Boat siphon
• P-trap
• S-trap
• Bottle siphon

Drainage Pipe Flow

In a drainage pipe with free-flow regime, what is the relationship between the slope and unit head loss? The relationship is complex; however, a greater slope generally leads to faster flow, which can increase the risk of siphonage.

What is Siphonage?

Siphonage is a phenomenon that occurs during the discharge of a fixture, often called autosiphonage, due to the rapid flow. This typically happens when the discharge pipe is very long, has a small diameter, or is not vented.

Define and Describe a Siphon Pot

A device installed between plumbing fixtures and the main drainage network. It collects water discharged by the fixtures and directs it to the drainage system, acting in turn as a water seal.

Heating System Components

Automatic Regulation System Components:

• Central control
• Mixing valve
• External probe
• Flow probe
• Ambient probe

Boiler Safety Components:

• Thermometer
• Thermostat
• Pressure switch
• Pressure gauge
• Safety valve

Usefulness of the Safety Thermostat

Regulates the amount of heat supplied to the building based on the heat requirement at all times. It often operates based on the temperature difference in the hot water.

Heating System Distribution

Classification by Distribution System:

Two-Pipe Distribution:

Characterized by the existence of two pipes, a supply and a return, mounted in parallel. This ensures a uniform water temperature. The connection to radiators can be made via branches or rings.

One-Pipe Distribution:

The entire set of pipes and radiators is connected through a single hot water distribution pipe to form a closed circuit. The water passes through all the radiators, decreasing in temperature as it passes through each radiator.

Underfloor Heating:

These systems operate at temperatures of 25 to 35°C, radiating heat evenly upwards from the floor.

Thermal Insulation Materials

Utility of Thermal Insulation Materials in Exterior Walls

Materials with low thermal conductivity are called insulation. The quality of materials significantly impacts heat loss transmission.

What other purposes do they serve?

They are also used for energy saving.