Physical Education Development Stages and Student Assessment Methods (0-17 Years)
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Physical Development Stages (Bañuelos)
Content according to age:
0–6 Years: Exploration and Discovery
Focus: Perceptions of self, stability, lateral dominance.
6–9 Years (1st–4th Grade): Basic Skills
- Reception: Stop, control, clear.
- Launch: Distance, speed, precision.
10–13 Years (5th Grade – 2nd Year Secondary Education): Motor Specific Tasks
Focus: Race speed, corporal health.
Basic Physical Conditioning Factors: Flexibility, aerobic endurance.
14–17 Years (3rd Year Secondary Education – 1st Year Baccalaureate)
Methodology and Strategy
Method
Broad: Trends among teachers and psychologists.
Strategy
Based on concrete decisions derived from previous outcomes.
Resources
More concrete.
Evaluation as a Comparative Process: Zabalza's Normotypes (1987)
If we consider evaluation as a comparative process, we must establish references. Zabalza (1987) speaks in this sense of the "normotypes" and distinguishes three frames:
1. The Statistical Normotype
The statistical normotype is used when the comparison is made with respect to a reference group, based on what is "normal" in that group. The procedure may be to get the best result for the whole group and compare individuals to each other, or to pre-state that there should be a certain percentage of fine concrete results, other notable results, another percentage of students in suspense (failing), etc.
2. The Normotype Based on Comparison of a Reference Model (External)
This criterion establishes a comparison against an external reference model which specifies the characteristics that must be met in order to be evaluated. In this case, the objectives are established as the main criterion to contrast the results obtained with these.
3. The Individualized Normotype
The individualized normotype is established for each student based on their process, rolling along a fixed period (semester, year, etc.). This involves making an assessment of gains and losses expressed over that period.