Philosophical Foundations of Social Work Practice

Philosophical Theories in Social Work Practice

Functionalism: Objectivity and System Balance

Functionalism asserts the existence of objectivity and a natural balance within systems. Within a set of elements, each serves a specific function. When an element fails, it is considered a pathology and requires correction.

Within this framework, social work is largely dominated by empiricism. This demands an objective and consistent interpretation of data. Furthermore, context and subjectivity are often rejected. The social worker, in this view, is subject to a central authority, focusing directly on problems and resolving them one by one as they arise. Consequently, the perception of context and user needs are often not taken into account.

Marxism: Conflict, Class, and Structural Change

Marxism developed a dialectical view of history, fundamentally based on conflict. According to this perspective, social relations are determined by the ownership of the means of production, which inherently creates class struggle. A key objective is for the oppressed to become aware of their own state of alienation.

In social work, Marxism rejects Functionalism's concepts of adaptation and pathology. Instead, from a Marxist viewpoint, conflict is essential, as it is a direct consequence of social structure. Resolution, therefore, necessitates a structural change in society.

The social worker acts as an intermediary, connecting individuals with resources, and crucially, mediating between the two classes. However, their role can inadvertently perpetuate the subjugation of the working class by helping to mask underlying systemic problems. Their true mission, within this framework, is to explain domination.

Comprehensive Theory: Subjectivity and Understanding

This theory aims to incorporate subjective points of view into scientific understanding, asserting that there is no rigid natural order. It acknowledges that subjectivity generates contradictions, and that activities must not only be described but also deeply understood. This approach encompasses two main lines of thought: interpretive and humanistic.

Within social work, this theory emphasizes the human capacity for reflection. Therefore, it is crucial to understand how each human being defines themselves and their environment. The social worker actively engages with these subjectivities.

Social work is considered an art within this theory. The user is key to problem-solving; the social worker's role is to help the user understand their situation. This involves a collaborative reflection on the problem to be solved, followed by an attempt to understand it deeply.