Pharmacology: Effects, Side Effects, and Considerations

Phosphodiesterase III Inhibitors in Heart Failure

These drugs block phosphodiesterase, increasing calcium available for cardiac contraction. This enhances contractility and vasodilation, increasing cardiac output and reducing peripheral resistance.

Side Effects of Sodium Channel Blockers

Common side effects include dizziness, taste disturbance, nausea, vomiting, drowsiness, and acifenos.

Doxazosin Uses

Doxazosin is used in men to treat symptoms of enlarged prostate, including difficulty urinating, painful urination, frequent urination, and urgency.

Cholestyramine: Special Considerations

It is recommended to separate the administration of cholestyramine and other drugs by 1 to 4 hours. This medication may decrease the absorption of vitamins (A, D, E, K) and other substances. A vitamin complex may be necessary. Take medication before meals. Increase fluid intake to prevent constipation. Monitor for jaundice, severe constipation, or abnormal stools.

Alpha-Adrenergic Blockers

Indicated for hypertension, especially in benign prostatic hypertrophy. They are vasodilators, relaxing muscles and decreasing urethral resistance.

Antifibrinolytics: Special Considerations

Monitor for thrombus formation, chest pain, and dyspnea. Intravenous administration can cause weariness and fatigue. Monitor for excessive bleeding gums, changes in color vision, decreased urine output, and painful or trembling limbs.

Lifestyle Changes for Anginal Chest Pain

• Avoid alcohol and tobacco.
• Maintain a diet low in saturated fat and cholesterol.
• Treat hyperlipidemia appropriately.
• Exercise regularly and maintain a healthy weight.

Clopidogrel: Uses

Clopidogrel alters the platelet membrane, preventing platelets from receiving signals to aggregate. It is used to prevent thrombosis, especially in people with thromboembolism, myocardial infarction, or stroke.

Verapamil: Uses and Side Effects

Verapamil is used in angina, hypertension, and arrhythmias. It may cause cardiac depression and severe hypotension, especially with beta-blockers. Its main side effect is constipation. Grapefruit juice can increase blood levels of verapamil.

Nitrates in Angina: Two Courses of Action

Nitrates dilate coronary arteries, improving blood flow and relieving chest pain. They also reduce left ventricular preload, decreasing cardiac work and oxygen requirements, thus relieving chest pain.

Acenocoumarol: Considerations

• Take the pill at the same time each day.
• Avoid alcohol and tobacco.
• Maintain a consistent diet.
• Avoid large amounts of foods rich in vitamin K.