Performance-Enhancing Substances and Methods in Sports

Ergogenics

Pharmaceuticals (AAS, hgh, stimulants, betablockers) nutritionals (amino acids, creatine, vitamins) methods (hyperbaric or hypobaric chambers, blood doping, supplemental O2)

WADA

Primary governing body for international sport banned substances enhance performance, endanger health, contrary to sport if u have two of these its banned)

Substance S1

Most common drug test

Anabolic Steroid

Associated with protein building in skeletal muscle or bone

Androgenic

Associated with masculinization

Steroid

Hormonal substance with basic chemical structure

Testosterone

C-19 steroid hormone derivative of cholesterol. Key endogenous (body makes) androgen. Levels vary: males 2.5-11mg, females 0.25mg

AAS Legally

Schedule III category prohibited until 1974

AAS Chemically

Synthetic derivatives of testosterone

AAS Therapeutically

FDA approved for androgen deficiency in adult men. Increase mass, decrease fat. Illicit sources and abuse. Every part of body affected by steroids

Stimulants Medicine 2nd Most Common

Peripheral (nasal decongestion, cardiac dysfunctions). Central (narcolepsy, ADHD Dexedrine, adderall, ritalin. Health effects: acute tachycardia

Diuretics & Masking Agents

3rd most common. Increase urination, inhibit banned substance id (desmopressin, lasix, probenecid). Medicinal use common for hypertension, heart failure, nephrologic renal failure, glaucoma, hyperaldosteronism. They aren't ergogenic, reduce AAF, decrease body mass. Not safe because hypernatremia, hypohydration

Polypeptide Hormones

HGH anterior decrease fat production and increase protein synthesis. Insulin pancreas synthesize & secrete glucose uptake. Unknown if it works but HGH has worked. HGH not safe

Erythropoiesis Stimulants EPO

Stimulates red blood cell production. Medicinal for those who don't produce RBCs. Injectable Rx (darbepoetin, procrit, epoetin, epogen). Proven to increase RBC, hemoglobin, hematocrit. Increase VO2 max. Not safe (polycythemia, congestive heart failure, stroke)

Methods

M1: blood components. M2: chemical & physical manipulation. M3: genetic manipulation

Blood Doping

Autologous using own blood, homologous using someone else's. Number one problem is polycythemia, blood too thick. EPO easier to do but easier to catch

Follistatin

Increase muscle development

Myostatin

Associated with muscle wasting. Blocking may promote growth

Hypobaric Chamber

Increase endurance performance by decreasing pressure