Performance-Enhancing Substances and Methods in Sports
Classified in Medicine & Health
Written at on English with a size of 2.64 KB.
Ergogenics
Pharmaceuticals (AAS, hgh, stimulants, betablockers) nutritionals (amino acids, creatine, vitamins) methods (hyperbaric or hypobaric chambers, blood doping, supplemental O2)
WADA
Primary governing body for international sport banned substances enhance performance, endanger health, contrary to sport if u have two of these its banned)
Substance S1
Most common drug test
Anabolic Steroid
Associated with protein building in skeletal muscle or bone
Androgenic
Associated with masculinization
Steroid
Hormonal substance with basic chemical structure
Testosterone
C-19 steroid hormone derivative of cholesterol. Key endogenous (body makes) androgen. Levels vary: males 2.5-11mg, females 0.25mg
AAS Legally
Schedule III category prohibited until 1974
AAS Chemically
Synthetic derivatives of testosterone
AAS Therapeutically
FDA approved for androgen deficiency in adult men. Increase mass, decrease fat. Illicit sources and abuse. Every part of body affected by steroids
Stimulants Medicine 2nd Most Common
Peripheral (nasal decongestion, cardiac dysfunctions). Central (narcolepsy, ADHD Dexedrine, adderall, ritalin. Health effects: acute tachycardia
Diuretics & Masking Agents
3rd most common. Increase urination, inhibit banned substance id (desmopressin, lasix, probenecid). Medicinal use common for hypertension, heart failure, nephrologic renal failure, glaucoma, hyperaldosteronism. They aren't ergogenic, reduce AAF, decrease body mass. Not safe because hypernatremia, hypohydration
Polypeptide Hormones
HGH anterior decrease fat production and increase protein synthesis. Insulin pancreas synthesize & secrete glucose uptake. Unknown if it works but HGH has worked. HGH not safe
Erythropoiesis Stimulants EPO
Stimulates red blood cell production. Medicinal for those who don't produce RBCs. Injectable Rx (darbepoetin, procrit, epoetin, epogen). Proven to increase RBC, hemoglobin, hematocrit. Increase VO2 max. Not safe (polycythemia, congestive heart failure, stroke)
Methods
M1: blood components. M2: chemical & physical manipulation. M3: genetic manipulation
Blood Doping
Autologous using own blood, homologous using someone else's. Number one problem is polycythemia, blood too thick. EPO easier to do but easier to catch
Follistatin
Increase muscle development
Myostatin
Associated with muscle wasting. Blocking may promote growth
Hypobaric Chamber
Increase endurance performance by decreasing pressure