Overview of Psychology Theories and Neurotransmitters

Ch 1

Structuralism(Wundt,Titchener): Identify the basic structures of the conscious mind

Functionalism(James,Darwin): Describe how conscious minds adapt to an environment

Psychoanalytic theory(Freud): Understand how unconscious thoughts cause psychological disorders

Gestalt psychology(Wertheimer,Kohler): Study subjective perceptions as a unified whole

Behaviorism(Watson,Skinner): Describe behavior response to environmental stimuli

Humanistic psychology(Maslow,Rogers): Investigate how people become happier, focus on basic goodness of people

Cognitive psychology(Miller, Neisser): Explore internal mental processes that influence behavior

Correlational vs Experiment: Experimental studies allow the researcher to control the variables in the study, while correlational ones involve just looking at the data that already exists

Descriptive statistics – statistics that describe the results of a research study in a concise fashion

Inferential statistics – statistics that allow researchers to draw conclusions about the results of a study by determining the probability the results are due to random variation (chance)

Hawthorne effect(보고 있으면 능률 상승)Observer Bias, Self-report BiasIndependent Variable(alcohol assumption) Dependent Variable(driving skills) Control Group(non-alcoholic) Experiment Group(alcoholic)Standard Deviation(표준 편차)

Ch 2

Transmission(Communication begins when there is enough motivation in presynaptic neuron. Action Potential travels down the myelinated axon to terminal buttons)->Reception(AP causes neurotransmitters released from TB. NT cross the synapse and fit into receptors in the dendrites of postsynaptic neuron)->Integration(Each NT has excitatory or inhibitory effects on PS neuron. Effects will sum up, and it will lead to another AP)

Acetylcholine(Motor control, attention, memory, sleeping)

Norepinephrine(Arousal, Alert)

Serotonin(Emotional states)

Dopamine(Reward & motivation, voluntary movement)

GABA(Inhibition of AP)

Glutamate(Enhancement of AP, learning & memory)

Endorphin(Pain reduction, reward)EEG(activity)fMRI(function, structure, density)

PET(function)TMS(disrupt act in specific brain part) Medulla(Breathing, heartrate)Pons(sleep, arousal, LR body move coordination)Cerebellum(motor learning, coordination, balance)Thalamus(sensory info smellX)Hypothalamus(regulation of body func(temp) and motivation(hunger))Hippocampus(form new memory)Amygdala(emotions with exp)Basal Ganglia(motor planning, movement, reward)Occipital Lobe(vision)Parietal(touch) Temporal(hearing, memory)

Frontal(planning, movement, complex thinking) Somatic, Autonomic nervous system Endocrine System:Pineal gland(governs bodily rhythmPituitary gland(master gland, governs release of hormone)Thyroid(ctrls how body burn energy)Adrenal(immune system)Ovaries(난소 influence sexual development & behavior of female)Testes(고환)

Ch 3

Dualism(mind brain individual)vs Materialism(one)Subliminal perception(무의식 중에 인지)Global Workspace model(no one area of brain is responsible for general awareness)Corpus callosum(connection between left and right brain, epilepsy) Circadian Rhythm: Eye->hypothalamus->pineal gland(controls melatonin) Sleep stages Stage1(theta, deny, fantastical images, limbs jerking)Stage2(breathing regular, less sensitive to external 자극, K-complex)Stage3&4(delta, hard to wake, keep aware of danger)REM(active brain, muscle paralyzed, dreams bizarre, 80% dreaming) Manifest content: visual image of dream remembered by dreamer Latent content: meaning behind the manifest content ex)flying->escaping from reality Activation Synthesis Theory: brains fire neurons randomly during sleep, activating sights, sounds etc randomly. From this theory dreams are caused by random neuron firing. 3Benefit of sleep: Restorative Theory(rest and repair)Circadian Rhythm(sleep keeps creature quiet in the dark when there are most threats, small and non-vulnerable sleep a lot)Consolidation(circuits wired together during waking period are strengthened during sleep) Sleep Disorders Insomnia, Sleep apnea(수면무호흡증)Narcolepsy(기면증, 잠병)Somnabulism(몽유병)REM Behavior disorder(잠꼬대 개심한거) Stimulants(caffeine, nicotine, cocaine, amphetamine, methamphetamine)Depressants(benzodiazepine, alcohol)Opiates(Heroin, morphine, codeine)Hallucinogenics(LSD, MDMA, marijuana)