Operating System Fundamentals: Functions, Versions, and Desktop Components

Operating System Fundamentals and Definition

An Operating System (OS) is a program or set of programs that help manage the resources of a computer. It begins working when the computer is turned on, allowing user interaction. The OS is responsible for the installation, configuration, usage, and maintenance of both software and hardware.

Major Operating System Versions

There are several major operating system families:

• Windows: This is a commercial operating system owned by Microsoft. Microsoft has developed a family of operating systems that have evolved significantly, from the early Windows 3.11 to Windows Vista and subsequent modern versions.
• Linux: This operating system is typically distributed free of charge, making it a popular alternative to Windows that is increasingly gaining popularity among users. Several companies and institutions develop and maintain different Linux distributions (e.g., Ubuntu, Red Hat). Governments, both in Spain and the rest of Europe, are exploiting the possibilities of Linux and have even created their own distributions.

Core Functions of an Operating System

The operating system is essential for a computer to start up. While the OS provides the foundation, the true functionality of the computer comes from the installed programs and devices, making it a powerful tool. Key features include:

• Program Management: Allowing the installation, use, and uninstallation of software.
• Information Organization: Structuring data into folders and files.
• Data Control: Managing the reading and storing of data on different disks.
• Peripheral Control: Controlling the use of computer peripherals (e.g., mouse, monitor, printer) and detecting possible errors in their operation.
• Connectivity: Allowing connection and exchange of information with other devices.

The Boot Process

When the computer starts, if you have multiple operating systems installed, the bootloader starts, allowing you to choose the desired OS. If no selection is made, the default operating system automatically starts after a few seconds. Once the computer boots, the operating system takes control.

User Authentication and Login

The next step in accessing the system is to enter the username and password at the logon screen.

Understanding the Desktop Environment

Once identified, the user sees the desktop environment. Some operating systems allow you to choose the language from the login screen.

Desktop Components and Elements

The desktop typically includes:

• Icons: Provide visual access to different resources.
• Shortcuts: Offer quick access to the applications they represent (usually via a single click).
• Menus: Allow users to perform different tasks, such as running programs or configuring settings.
• Launchers: Containing icons of frequently used programs, allowing them to be initiated quickly.
• Taskbar: Contains a button for each of the currently open windows.
• Programs (Windows): Run in a separate window; these windows can be changed in location, size, etc.
• Workspaces: (Common in Linux/Unix environments) Each workspace corresponds to a separate virtual desktop.

System Utilities and Configuration

System utilities help manage and customize the OS:

• Accessories: Allow users to perform basic tasks, such as reading PDF documents or zipping and unzipping files.
• System Preferences: Used to customize the operating system, allowing changes to the desktop background, menus, desktop themes, etc.
• Management Tools: Tools specifically designed for detailed system configuration and maintenance.

Application Programs and Software Access

Programs are designed to provide the user with the ability to perform a particular type of work.

• In Windows: Programs are typically accessed by clicking the Start button and selecting "All Programs," which displays a list of installed software.
• In Linux: Programs are usually grouped by category within the Applications menu (e.g., Office Automation, Design, Networking, Multimedia, Games, Others).

Proper Shutdown and Logging Out

When you have finished working with your computer, turning it off properly is very important to avoid possible damage to both the hardware and the installed software. To do this, use the Turn Off Computer icon or menu option; do not shut it down directly using the physical computer button.

In the event that another user will use the operating system, it is sufficient to use the option to End Session (Log Out) so that the computer returns to the login screen.