Operating System Concepts: Processes, Memory, Scheduling & Security

Operating System Concepts and Core Functions

Process Management

Process management involves managing the execution of programs (processes), including creation, scheduling, termination, and communication between processes.

Memory Management

Memory management requires the OS to allocate and manage memory resources efficiently for different processes. This includes virtual memory techniques and page-replacement algorithms.

CPU Scheduling

CPU scheduling determines which process gets access to the CPU at any given time. Effective scheduling is crucial for system performance and fairness. Common algorithms include:

• Round Robin (RR)
• Shortest Job First (SJF)
• First-Come, First-Served (FCFS)

Inter-Process Communication (IPC)

Inter-process communication (IPC) enables processes to exchange data and synchronize their actions. Typical mechanisms include pipes, shared memory, and message queues.

Synchronization

Synchronization ensures that multiple processes or threads can access shared resources without conflicts or data corruption. Common primitives include semaphores and mutexes.

Deadlock

Deadlock is a situation where two or more processes are blocked indefinitely while waiting for resources held by each other. Understanding deadlock detection, prevention, and avoidance is critical.

File Systems

File systems manage how data is stored and retrieved on storage devices. This includes file organization, access methods, and directory structures.

Security

Security protects the system and user data from unauthorized access and malicious activities through access controls, authentication, encryption, and other security mechanisms.

Other Important Areas

Device Management

Device management controls and manages input/output devices, including device drivers and interrupt handling.

Networking

Networking enables communication between different systems, covering network protocols, socket programming, and related services.

Error Detection and Handling

Error detection and handling involves detecting and responding to errors that may occur during program execution or hardware operation to maintain system stability.

System Calls

System calls are the interface between user programs and the OS kernel, allowing programs to request services from the operating system.

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