Nietzsche's Philosophy: Revaluation of Values and Nihilism

Nietzsche's Revaluation of Values

Critique of Existing Morality

Nietzsche argued that humanity is often despicable and corrupted, primarily due to its false table of values or axiological hierarchy. He proposed the following principles:

• The Transmutation of All Values: We must replace current values with others that elevate us beyond spiritual poverty.
• Critique of Metaphysical Notions: Current values are often based on non-existent entities (e.g., God, truth). Their absence offers no guidance for humanity, leading to hypocrisy.
• The Will to Power: Our most immediate reality is our desire for power. Our actions are governed by instincts, with the will to power as the primary drive.
• Affirmation of Life: Life itself is inherently good and exuberant. Any sin or suffering that contributes to a richer life is acceptable. Nietzsche denied anything that restricts our existence or diminishes human vitality. Life is the most radical expression derived from the will to power.
• The Division of Morality: Nietzsche divided morality into two types:
  • Master Morality: Characterized by the elevation and increased vitality in humanity.
  • Slave Morality: The prevailing morality, which he called "moralizing," and believed must be eliminated.

Nietzsche on Nihilism

The Fate of Western Civilization

Nihilism, for Nietzsche, is a historical movement and the destiny of Western peoples. He famously summarized nihilism with the phrase: "God is dead." This declaration signifies the removal of all validity and existence from the supersensible world, disrupting its orderly functioning. Consequently, humanity is left without a sense of purpose or orientation in the world.

Nietzsche identified two forms of nihilism:

• Negative Nihilism: This form represents the essence of the Platonic-Christian tradition and serves as an explanation for the destruction of the West.
• Positive Nihilism: This involves a critical reflection on nihilism itself, studying the conditions that led to it and exploring how humanity can escape its grasp.

Nietzsche further divided the nihilistic movement into three stages:

1. Consequence of Value Destruction: An immediate outcome following the destruction of previously held values. This stage is marked by doubt, confusion, and a loss of consciousness.
2. Affirmation of the Nihilistic Process: A moment of reflection and distancing from tradition, affirming the nihilistic process itself.
3. New Perspective and Reassessment: A starting point towards a new perspective of being and humanity, a time of reassessment and hope. This journey is not guided by reason, but by the intuitive "will to power."

To overcome the nihilistic state, Nietzsche advocated for polytheism over monotheism, believing that the plurality of perspectives embodies human freedom. He famously stated that "the Gods have died laughing upon hearing that one of them was unique." Nietzsche envisioned the rebirth of multiple, finite gods, replacing the single Almighty God.